Dostoyevsky’s The Underground Man Essay

In Notes from secret, Dostoyevsky describes a character burdened with significant inner conflict over love which interferes with his ability to think rationally, prevents him from developing haunting friendships, and cause him to believe he has found true love following a sexual encounter. After being bumped by an police officer in a tavern, the Underground populace became obsessed with revenge against the officer and planned a subsequent encounter where he could bump him with his shoulder and not yield an inch, (133, 135). The Underground Man wants the officer to treat him with dignity and respect and as his equal. However, the Underground Mans inability to develop an actual relationship with the officer or even engage in a conversation with him is indicative of the Underground Mans inability to think rationally.This passage shows that the Underground Mans desperate desire for human interaction irrationally causes him to seek a negative human encounter. Instead of confronting th e officer directly, the Underground Man spends months obsessing about the officer before he finally engages in pitiful revenge that leaves him feeling like a failure. The Underground Man learns he is an unwanted guest when whiz of his former college acquaintances tells him that he has only been invited to a dinner party because he insisted on joining them and the Underground Man feels crushed and humiliated that his supposed friends tangle witht really want him at the party (153).This is another example of the Underground Man seeking friendship but his base and rude genius interferes with his objective. He becomes so concerned that his college friends are ridiculing him that he insults one of them. As a result, his friends are disgusted with him and clearly wish he would leave. Although the Underground Man believes he has fallen in love with liza and wishes to save her from a flavour of prostitution, he concludes loving means bullying and dominating which causes him to insult Li za by paying her for sex thereby treating her like a lowly prostitute (199). The Underground Mans attempt to save Liza is misguided. He does not have a better life to offer Liza.He whitethorn have additional monetary security but he lives in misery without any close human connections and his life experience is less fulfilling than most prostitutes. The Underground Man has lofty goals of saving Liza from a life of prostitution but he ends up insulting her by thrusting money into her hand as he leaves his apartment. Dostoyevskys created a desperate and lonely(prenominal) man torn apart by inner turmoil and conflict. The Underground Man sought love and friendship but ended up with tragedy, dislike and loneliness because he was unable to think rationally, he allowed his ego to interfere with his ability to create and maintain friendships and he insulted and alienated a woman who may have loved him.

Important english

Why is sport important children? The Ottawa Cltlzen Straight Talk About Children And frolic hlldren have to be combat-ready every day. Physical activity stimulates growth and leads to Improved physical and emotional health. Today, research shows that the Importance ot physical activity in children is stronger than ever. For example, medical researchers have discover that highly active children ar less likely to suffer from high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer of the colon, obesity, and coronary heart isease later in life.Exercise is also cognise to relieve stress Some children experience as much stress, depression, and anxiety as adults do. And because exercise Improves health, a fit child Is more likely to be well-rested and mentally sharp. Even moderate physical activity has been shown to Improve a childs skill at arithmetic, reading, and memorization. But sport, not just exercise, gives a child more than just physical well-being it contributes toa childs development both ps ychologically and tenderly.Sport psychologist Dr. Glyn Roberts of the University of Illinois has worked primarily in childrens sport for the last two decades. He emphasizes that sport is an important scholarship environment for children. Sport can affect a childs development of self-esteem and self-worth, explains Roberts. It Is also wlthln sport that peer status and peer acceptance Is established and developed. 1 way children gain acceptance by their peers is to be good at activities valued by other children, says Roberts.Research shows that children would quite a play sports than do anything else. A instruct conducted in the united States showed that high school boys and girls would rather be better at sports than in academic subjects. The same study showed that high school boys would rather fall in class than be Incompetent on the playing field. Because sport Is Important to children, being good at sports Is a strong social asset. Young boys in particular use sports and gam es to measure themselves against their riends.Children who are competent at sports are more easily accepted by children of their own age. and are more likely to be team captains and group leaders. Such children usually have better social skills. The primary goal of parents and coaches is to help children find the triumph in sport they need to make them feel valued and Of2 wanted. Every cn110 can De successTul at one spo the sports that are right for each child. 3 Children and Sport An Introduction rt or anotn tne time to Tina

Laws of England and Wales Essay

The defendant who seeks to avoid criminal liability on the basis that s/he was suffering from a rational disorder at the time of the alleged crime essential defy a defence that falls inside one of the following, legally recognised, categories In sanity, Diminished province or Automatism. While, at one level or a nonher, these affable disorder defences share common characteristics, they each differ signifi earthworktly. Unfortunately, this point does non appear to be fully appreciated in English constabulary.Discuss the validity of this statement.Inherent in our legal system is an idea of culpability. The word itself embodies notions of moral responsibility and doomed. in that location are both elements that will allow us to determine whether or not someone is to be considered culpable. The first is that the person on whom we wish to deal blest is an actual agent of harm as opposed to a mere causer. That is to say that they are instrumental in an action and are not simply a victim of a spasm or similar associated condition. The second is that he/she has the capacity to understand the honors and moral order that exist within society. Harts principles of justice assert that a moral license to punish is makeed by society and unless a cosmos has the capacity and white opportunity or chance to adjust his behaviour to the law, its penalties ought not be applied to him. much(prenominal) deep-rooted notions of culpability have necessitated contrivement in the stadium of defences to ensure that those who fall outside of the legally recognised parameters of accountability are afforded protection. Amongst such defences are Insanity, Automatism and Diminished responsibility. This essay will identify the similarities and differences of these defences by exploring their theoretical foundations and determine whether, in use, they are sufficiently understood by the courts to achieve their desired end.The theoretical basis for an insanity defence is embedded in the notions of fair opportunity as discussed above. It is felt that the loco man is too far removed from normality to make us angry with him. The impetus of the law and its functions might well be considered outside of his comprehension and similarly, so too might the moral implications of his act. Therefore, it would not be either efficacious or true to hold such a man criminallyresponsible . As Duff remarks of the potential insane defendant if she cannot understand what is being done to her, or why it is being done, or how it is related as a punishment to her past offence, her punishment becomes a travesty?. Therefore, if a defence of insanity is prosperous the defendant will be given a special verdict namely not guilty by reason of insanity. Although this special verdict may bring indefinite detention (a fact which is reconciled in theory by compelling considerations of public interest ) it still serves to reflect a lack of culpability and thitherfore, blame.The basis on w hich the non-insane automatism defence is founded is somewhat much fundamental than that of insanity. It was developed to exculpate those who had been the victim of events rather than those who had fallen foul to occurrence . A plea of automatism is not merely a denial of fault, or of responsibility. It is more a denial of authorship in the scent out that the automaton is in no way instrumental in all criminal act. Lord Dilhorne remarked in Alphacell that an inadvertent and unintended act without negligence? might be said, not caused. Others have described such acts as acts of god. It is with this class of act that the defence of automatism is concerned acts which might be said seen as inconsistent with the unavoidableness of an actus reus . This lack-of-instrumentality concept is reflected by the fact that on a finding of automatism a defendant will be granted an unqualified acquittal by the courts. handgrip is unnecessary for as well being blameless, the automaton presents no future threat to society.Whilst Insanity and Automatism serve as general defences in law, Diminished responsibility operates only as a defence to murder. It offers those bordering on insanity the opportunity to argue that at the time of the killing they were suffering from such abnormality of sound judgement so as to substantially impair their mental responsibility. If such an argument is successful (all opposite things being equal) the potential murderer will be convicted of manslaughter and hence will escape the mandatory life sentence that a finding of murder brings. The defences existence is justified (much like insanity) by notions of responsibility and blame. The doctrine, it was felt, was needed to reflect the view that where there was less responsibility there ought to be less punishment.Despite some clear differences in the trine defences theoretical foundations and intentions, it could be said that technically they have become somewhat confused in law. Discussion wi ll now turn to the two automatism defences onwards then going on to examine diminished responsibility in context.Whilst both automatism defences are grounded in the idea that where there is no responsibility there should be no blame, policy reasons have necessitated their independent development. Because of this, the person who seeks to raise automatism as a defence is subject to a very preposterous definitional distinction. This tight definitional distinction between automatism and insanity is highlighted by Glanville Williams when he describes non-insane automatism as any abnormal state of consciousness.while not amounting to insanity. Such statements offer shrimpy definitional worth, as to understand automatism we must first understand insanity and this, as will become clear, is no easy task.The contemporary framework of the insanity defence can be found in MNaghtens Case where Lord Tindal authoritatively ruled that??to establish a defence on the ground of insanity, it must be clearly proved that, at the time of the committing of the act, the party accuse was labouring under such a defect of reason, from infirmity of the promontory, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or, if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong.Subsequent development of a non-insane automatism defence, for reasons discussed above, necessitated intelligent refinement of these insanity parameters to insure that those who sought to invoke the former were deserving . Therefore, considerable onus was placed upon the meaning of the rules, especially the phrase disease of the mind.First, it was decided that mind referred to the mental faculties of reason, memory and understanding and not simply the organic mass that is the brain. Then, in Sullivan, (the defendant was charged with assault which, heclaimed, was the leave behind of the post-ictal stage of an epileptic seizure) the definition expanded to catch transient and intermittent impa irment of the mind. It was held that the permanence of a disease cannot on any rational ground be relevant to the application by the courts of the MNaghten rules. This finding ran contrary to contemporary medical definitions and began to impinge upon the design of the non-insane automatism defence that being to catch one-off, undefiled incidents of automatism.Perhaps more significantly, Sullivan continued to develop Quick on what is now thought to be the defining boundary between the two defences, that of inborn and extraneous causes. This distinction was cemented in Burgess where Lord Lane explicitly referred to the difference between internal and external causes as the point on which the case depends, as others have depended in the past The defendant in Burgess was a sleepwalker who assaulted a friend whilst in a somnambulistic state. It was held that somnambulism was a disease of the mind under the MNaghten rules largely because it was considered a pathological (and therefore, internal) condition by expert witnesses in cross-examination.While, to some, this internal/external distinction makes good sense, to others its sum is wholly inappropriate, as it fudges the boundaries between the theoretical rationales of insane and non-insane automatism. Irene Mackay, for example (as well as pointing to contradictory obiter ) attacks the distinction with reference to its effect. She contends that sleep can hardly be called an illness, disorder or abnormal condition. It is a perfectly normal condition. Of interest here, Graham Virgo points to anecdotal attest that cheese might cause sleepwalking. If such evidence could be substantiated, the somnambulist could potentially escape a special verdict by virtue of the fact that eating cheese would be considered an external cause. Such a consideration is far from easily reconcilable with the aforementioned notions of blame and responsibility as expounded by Harts principles of justice.Mackay continues to attack Burgess o n a second defining point. She contends that the court failed to properly adopt the definition of disease of themind as put forward by Lord Denning in Bratty namely that it is any mental disorder which has manifested itself in violence and is prone to recur. Considering statistical evidence showing that no one had ever appeared originally a court twice charged with somnambulistic violence, Mackay remarks something which is prone to recur must be at least inclined to recur or have a tendency to recur or be to some extent likely to recur. Despite such protestations, current medical opinion is that sleepwalking is caused by internal factors and may be likely to recur . Therefore it is suitable for MNaghten insanity as defined.The result of these calculated distinctions between the two defences is that epileptics, sleepwalkers, those suffering from hardening of the arteries and diabetics during a hyperglycaemic episode, may all now be regarded as insane. This is surely an unacceptabl e position. After all, such people appear to fit far more comfortably within the (theoretical) realms of automatism than insanity. They are rational people, capable of recognising rule following situations, who are (largely) the victims of one off incidents of involuntariness. If we are to label a diabetic insane because they neglected to take their medication, are we to do the same with one who gets a migraine from omitting to take aspirin? The difference of cause is the resultant harm and the need for the courts to protect society.Incidentally, close scrutiny of the MNaghten rules leads us to conclude that where a defendants inability to recognise he was doing something wrong was due to something other than a defect of reason caused by a disease of the mind he would generally have no defence at all.Things do not get any clearer when the defence of Diminished accountability is brought into the frame. The statutory provision for the defence is found in Section 2(1) of the Homicide Act 1957 and provides that a person shall not be convicted of murderIf he was suffering from such abnormality of mind (whether arising from a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind or any inherent causes or induced by disease or injury) as substantially impaired his mentalresponsibility for his acts or omissions in doing or being a party to the killing.The problems begin with semantics and normative questions of degree what qualifies as abnormality of mind, how much is substantially and what is mental responsibility? Even debates on the questions have offered little assistance. For example, the Government, in an attempt to explain the key term, said that abnormality of mind referred to conditions bordering on insanity while excluding the mere outburst of rage or jealousy. Such an explanation is obviously of little worth considering that the response of judges and psychiatrists?to the section? have localised from the very generous to the very strict. In fact the court s it seems, have entertained practically any ground where it was thought morally inappropriate to convict the defendant of murder. For example, psychopaths, reactive depressives , alcoholics and those in disassociated states or suffering from ir place uprightible impulses have all been brought within the protective scope of the section.Lord Parker in Byrne, also attempting to clarify the sections ambit, said that it dealt with partial insanity or being on the border line of insanity. He went on to add that Inability to exercise will-power to control physical acts? is? sufficient to entitle the accused to the benefit of this section difficulty in controlling his acts? may be. Confusions are evident here for, as Smith and Hogan note A man whose impulse is irresistible bears no moral responsibility for his act, for he has no choice a man whose impulse is much more difficult to resist than that of an ordinary man bears a diminished degree of moral responsibility for his actIt would app ear then, that the former should be acquitted as insane rather than have his punishment mitigated. However, if the inability to control his acts is not caused by a defect of reason or disease of the mind then the defendant has no defence in insanity. In this respect therefore, the defence of diminished responsibility appears to be patching up the deficiencies of MNaghten acting as a turn for circumventing the embarrassments that flow from a mandatory sentence, or the stigma attached to a finding of insanity, by allowing judges to follow in a common sense way their sense offairness.Greiw, writing in 1988 comments on the section. He suggests that the section is not to be seen as a definitional aid rather it is to be seen as legitimising an expression of the decision-makers personal sense of the proper boundaries between murder and manslaughter. The result of the lax and open wording has allowed the defence of diminished responsibility to be used almost as a catch-all excuse, spanning , and adding to, the defences of insane and non-insane automatism. It has been able to accommodate states of mind and circumstance that would be insufficient for either automatism or insanity whilst at the same time justifying this accommodation by virtue of the increased severity of a murder charge.To some this position is considered entirely unacceptable and contrary to the theories of blame and responsibility discussed hereto. Sparks for example, comments to say that we are less willing to blame?a man if he does something wrong, surely does not mean we are willing to blame him less, if he does something wrong. It would seem however, that due to the inadequacies of MNaghten and the acceptance that some states of mind falling short of insanity should be considered mitigatory, the courts had little choice but to develop the defence of diminished responsibility in this way.From the issues discussed in this essay it is clear that whilst, in theory, the three defences of Insanity, Auto matism and Diminished Responsibility, do indeed exhibit differences, in practice they have become somewhat amalgamated. This is probably due to two factorsFirst, it must be accepted that there is no sharp dividing line between sanity and insanity, but that the two extremes? shade into one another by imperceptible gradations. This proposition leads us to conclude that first, the problem is one of definition. Second, the courts are aware that pleading a blackout is one of the first refuges of a guilty conscience and is a popular excuse. Therefore, they have tended to view the problem of involuntariness with great discreetness and have adopted a restrictive approach as to when there should be a complete exemption from liability. In order to balance this definitional problem with the requirement ofcertainty, whilst ensuring that only the deserving are completely acquitted, the law has had no alternative but to define distinct parameters. It is these parameters which have both caused t he fudging of the two automatism defences and necessitated the creation of a diminished responsibility defence.Whilst, in some respects, this amalgamation is unacceptable, its effect has been to provide blanket coverage for those defendants suffering from either a mental disorder, disassociated condition or episode of sudden involuntariness. Far from saying that the law has failed to fully appreciate the differences it appears that the courts, due to restrictions, have simply created ad hoc a range of defences whose purpose is to reflect, on a continuum, impeachable notions of culpability.Bibliography.Books1. Ashworth, Principles of Criminal Law (2nd ed., Oxford, 1995)2. Clarkson. C.M.V. & Keating. H.M. Criminal Law. Text and Materials. (4th ed., 1998, Sweet & Maxwell)3. Hart. H.L.A., Punishment and Responsibility, (1968, Oxford)4. Smith , J.C. B. Hogan., Criminal Law (6th Edition, 1988, London, Butterworths.)5. Williams. G., Textbook of Criminal Law (2nd ed., Stevens & Sons. 1983)A rticlesDell, Diminished Responsibility Reconsidered. 1982 Crim.L.R. 809Duff. R.A., Trial and Punishments J.L.S.S. 1986, 31(11), 433Goldstein. A., The insanity Defense (1967)Griew. E., The future of Diminished Responsibility. Crim. L.R. 1988, Feb, 75-87Laurie. G.T., Automatism and Insanity in the Laws of England and Scotland. Jur. Rev. 1995, 3, 253-265Mackay. I., The Sleepwalker is Not Insane. M.L.R. 1992, 55(5), 714-720Padfield. N.,Exploring a quagmire insanity and automatism. C.L.J. 1989, 48(3), 354-357 over-embellished Commission on Capital Punishment, Cmnd. 8932 (1949-1953)Smith. J.C., Case and Comment. R. v. Hennessy. (1989) 86(9) L.S.G. 41 (1989) 133 S.J. 263 (CA)Smith. K.J.M. & Wilson. W., Impaired Voluntariness and Criminal Responsibility Reworking Harts Theory of Excuses ? The English Judicial Response. O.J.L.S. 1993, 13(1), 69-98Sparks. Diminished Responsibility in theory and Practice (1964) 27 M.L.R 9Virgo. G., Sanitising Insanity ? Sleepwalking and Statutory Reform C.L.J. 1991, 50(3), 386-388Cases1. Alphacell 1972 2 All ER 4752. Burgess 1991 2 W.L.R. 106 C.O.A. (Criminal Division)3. Byrne 1960 3 All ER 14. Cooper v. McKenna 1960 Q.L.R 4065. Hennessy (1989) 89 Cr.App.R 10, CA6. Kemp 1956 3 All ER 249 1957 1 Q.B.3997. MNaghtens Case (1843) 10 C & F, 200, 8 Eng. Rep. 718.8. Quick and Paddison 1973 Q.B. 9109. Seers 1985 Crim.L.R, 31510. Sullivan 1984 A.C. 156 (House of Lords)11. Tandy 1988 Crim.L.R 30812. Tolson (1889)Legislation1. Homicide Act. 1957.2. Trial of Lunatics Act 1883

Ethical Issues in Business Essay

The issue of faithful manner is 1 of the vellicate ch aloneenges facing organizations today. A unspoilt definition of morals includes the thought of doing what is morally acceptable or what is good and right as opposed to doing what is bad or wrong (Sims, 1992). But why are these issues a concern for organizations? What quarter they do to promote honest demeanor from their employees? Organizations should be concerned with ethical behavior for many reasons.Even though ethical decisions are not al ports black and white, ethical behavior is important to the organization beca handling ethical behavior enhances the corporate re borderation, helps attract talented employees, and enhances the corporate image. First, there is raise that profitability is enhanced by a reputation for honesty and corporate citizenship (Kinicki, Kreitner, 2009). After all, the number one reason for business is to make a profit, thus returning value to its share holders. Consumers are more than likel y to buy goods or services from a reputable company then one with a reputation for unethical behavior.The track Company in the 1970s was a good example of unconnected sales due to an unethical decision. When the Ford Pinto was hit in the rear, the gas tank would often explode. Ford was slow to acknowledge the problem. By the time Ford admitted that they had a flawed design, many consumers had stopped purchasing Fords. Another reason organizations should be concerned with ethical behavior is its ability to attract talented employees. In a recent survey eighty three percent of those polled rated a companys playscript as very important when deciding to accept a job offer (Kinicki, Kreitner, 2009).Hiring and keeping innovative, productive and talented employees is essential for businesses as they attempt to compete in this global economy. Without talented people, organizations will be at a disadvantage when it comes to competing for future business. Being good corporate citizens is another reason that organizations should be concerned with ethical behavior. Businesses have many stakeholders that rely on them. These include shareholders, current and former employees, customers, suppliers and communities where facilities are located (Kinicki, Kreitner, 2009).Businesses are more than just profit centers today. When reservation decisions, businesses must consider the social, political, and environmental make as well as the profitability aspect. The challenge to be a good corporate citizen has put the emphasis on being an ethical company, with every decision made. Ethics is an important organizational issue, exclusively ethics starts with the individual. We make decisions based on a combination of our personality characteristics, values and moral principles (Kinicki, Kreitner, 2009). all(prenominal) of us learns what is right or wrong as we grow up.Our moral compass is set by what we learn from parents, teachers, grandparents, siblings and society. We take ou r observations and experiences and use them to form our opinion as to what right and wrong means. We then use our moral compass to make decisions as we become employees and managers of business. Organizations should do everything necessary to address ethical issues up front. If they are unsuccessful in eliminating issues before they happen, organizations should be forthright in communicating any feasible wrongdoing. Consider an example shared recently in the Wall Street Journal.Defense contractor DynCorp global Inc. recently admitted that it may have violated Foreign Corrupt Practices when it tried to speed up the issuances of visas and licensing cogitate to work for the U. S. government overseas (Cole, 2009, p. B. 4). This possible violation, if legitimate, was committed by sub-contractors working for DynCorp. By proactively disclosing possible outlawed behavior, DynCorp is sending a message that it will not tolerate unethical behavior by its employees or sub-contractors. But o rganizations can do more than address possible issues after they occur.They can impact ethical behavior in a positive manner through various means. By utilizing different measures organizational culture can be affected in a positive way. Ethical behavior starts at the top (Sims, 1992). The ethical tone of an organization is set with its top managers. How top management acts when faced with an ethical dilemma, strongly effects how the rest of the organization will react when they face questionable issues. By walk of life the walk and talking the talk, organizational leaders can show their subordinates what they expect in the area of ethics.Actions and row by top executives will set the tone for the entire organization. Another way an organization can positively affect ethical behavior is through a corporate code of ethics. This code of ethics should be shared with all employees throughout the organization. The company that I work for emails the code of ethics to all employees annua lly. A high ranking executive will send the code out for all to read. from each one employee then is required to electronically sign indicating that he or she understands the code. This annual process sends the message that unethical behavior will not be tolerated.Organizations have much to do to be a productive, lucrative entity in todays global economy. Building an organizational culture that supports ethical decision making through active leadership, positive community actions, and employee involvement will go a long way toward meeting business goals. With a strong culture in place, organizations will be seen in a positive light by their customers, future and current employees, and by the communities where they do business. Being a good corporate citizenship will lead to a well liked, responsible, financially supported organization that can be competitive in the twenty first century.

A Professional Moral Compass Essay

Ethics, a branch of philosophy refers to the value for human conduct, considering the flopness and unworthiness of actions and motives. As care for profession is an integral part of the health care environment, the nursing ethics provides the sagacity to the set and ethical principles governing nursing practice, conduct, and relationships.The Code of Ethics for Nurses, adopted by the American Nurses linkup (ANA) is intended to provide definite standards of practice and conduct that are essential to the ethical discharge of the defys responsibility (American Nurses Association, 2012) A nurse cultivates personal ethics by means of personal, cultural and uncanny determine which becomes a moral compass for their professional ethics. Personal ethics in combination with the code of ethics lots assist the nurses in personal and social purpose making during ethical dilemma.This ability prompts them to die respond to needs of the suffering uncomplaining and their own well-bein g. This paper will discuss the personal, cultural, and spiritual values contributing to nurses individual worldview and philosophy of nursing and the moral and ethical dilemma being faced in this profession. Values Contributing to Individuals Worldview and Philosophy of Nursing Born in a Christian middle class Western Indian family, the strict traditional values helped to embed the concept of service, trust, respect, rectitude and responsibility through family, friends, education and beliefs.The personal and spiritual belief on the remarks, Do to others as you would swallow them do to you, from the New International Version of Bible has kindled the concept of service, integrity and respect at an early age of ones personal life. The cultural quench to care for fellow existence and strive to make difference in ones own life prompts one to tackle Nursing as a profession. Acquaintance to different cultures, languages and religions influences the world views and nursing decisions in providing culturally subtle care.The traditional spiritual and cultural moral values along with diverse worldviews became the directorial moral compass to pack the mighty decision on behalf of the patients and personal life and empowered to improve the confidence and capability as a nurse. Values, Morals and Ethics in Nursing Practice Values, Morals and Ethics are often reflected as interweaved behavioral rules. Values are ones fundamental beliefs developed from childhood through family and society. Morals are values that attribute to a system of beliefs.Ethics is the ability to make right and wrong decision based on adopted morals (Navran F. J. , 2010). When values, morals and ethics of an individual pose influence over the nurses professional conduct, it often tips to conflicting government agency in ones nursing practices. One such situation is the issue of abortion. When a nurse spiritual doctrine is against abortion, it would be against their moral to assist in decision ma king to abort the baby even when the fetus is deformed, thusly arising an ethical dilemma between the personal moral values and the professional ethics.Thus a chat barrier is often felt by nurses while dealing with physicians/ patients during the early days of practice in different cultures but eventually scholar to converse on behalf of the patient and to be an efficient patient advocate. The moral values adopted during the years of experience demands reformed with new believes and practices and hence enables to provide breach ethical care during the nursing profession. The Codes of Ethics serves as guidelines when the nurses individual moral values conflict with the actions expected from their profession (American Nurses Association, 2012).Morals and Ethical Dilemmas Faced in the Health Care empyrean As nurses role in health care environment varies from caring, communicating, teaching to advocating and leadership, the likelihood of moral and ethical dilemma is inescapable. Su ch situations arise when there is an opposing conflict among intentions, decisions, and actions between the right and wrong. A common dilemma faced by the care providers is based on religious and spiritual background.Some religions do not support induced death by humans and nurses may nourish trouble supporting the patient and family close to cases like abortion. Although it is the individuals right to make decisions about their bodies, the religious values do not allow one to be a part of the procedure. other issue is when nurses encounters with patients diagnosed with AIDS or other sexually acquired diseases. The nurses become judgmental towards the patient ultimately interfering in the care of such patients.Any of the above circumstances affects the behavior and decision making to provide quality care to the patients that will place nurses in ethical dilemma, and will constrict them to turn towards the ethical guidelines set forth by the Code of Ethics for Nurses. The nurses should always strive to sentry go patients right, and their well-being while maintaining professional integrity (American Nurses Association, 2010) . Conclusion Nurses being the important segment of the health care field, their decisions along with commitment plays an essential role for the welfare and safety of humanity.Their decision making capabilities molded from the framework of their personal, cultural and spiritual values often lead them to ethical dilemma. In situation with conflicting moral values, the nurses are expected to be professional and ethical, and refer the Code of Ethics to get guidance for the ethical dilemma to allow nurses to deliver quality care. Although a nurses worldview is influenced by the cultural, religion and moral values, one should follow the code to maintain the respectability and integrity of their profession.

Donald Trump’s Presidency

Donald outgos presidency has brought a lot of controversy with it. His constant tweeting, his free-spoken statements, and his act-now-think-later mentality take on contribute him two praise and criticism since the moment he announced he would run for coupled States electric chair. One act that has stirred up a lot of mixed emotions is President Trumps announcement of a ban that would prevent transgender individuals from serving in the military.This ban, which was first announced via President Trumps chirp account in late July, will override an Obama-era plan that was previously in place specific eachy to allow transgender individuals to serve in the military (Davis, 2017). Perhaps what is the most frustrating development of this ban for galore(postnominal) people is the fact that it was revealed shortly later President Trump decl atomic number 18d his great respect for members of the LGBT participation and indecadetions to protect their individual rights and freedoms durin g his presidential campaign. speckle m whatsoever have cited discrimination as the reason basis this act, President Trump and his staff have ensured the public that this ban is purely for national security reasons, and he wanted to assure the LGBT community that this is non a betrayal (Cooper, 2017). This ban has been a hotly debated egress for quite a while.While both the Trump administration, supporters of the ban, and those opposed to the ban all have binding arguments, anyone who is willing to fight and die for his or her country and its freedoms should have the opportunity to do so. This statement holds specially true for Ameri mints be urinate the United States was founded on this very principle. While the military shouldnt pay for gender reassignment surgeries and treatments, recruitment options should be open to all Americans, including transgender individuals.There atomic number 18 many reasons why this is accept competent, including the fact that transgender people a re already serving in the military, transgender individuals provide little to no din of military activities, and the transgender ban is currently world scrutinized in court for its constitutionality. Taking all of this into consideration, its hard to see a reason why transgender individuals shouldnt be allowed to fight for the freedom our country provides.Its difficult to argue that transgender individuals shouldnt be allowed in the military simply because on that point are already transgender people serving in the military today. In fact, as of 2016, there are an adjudicated 6,630 actively serving transgender individuals in the military and anywhere from 2,030 to 7,160 individuals serving in reserves. Along with these numbers, an estimated 150,000 transgender individuals have served since the category 2012, which is closely 21% of all transgender adults in the United States according to UCLA researchers.In contrast, only 10% of the frequent non-transgender population has ser ved (Hamblin, 2017). The fact that a higher percentage of transgender individuals has served in the United States military compared to those who do non identify as transgender should serve as an eye-opener to many. After all, active military religious service poses many risks, particularly during times of conflict or war. In fact, several American and British armed forces members in Afghanistan were asked about the threats that they faced.The statistics, which are represented by the above image, are quite shocking. Roughly half(prenominal) of all individuals interviewed tell that they saw at least one person killed while actively serving. One in either six people witnessed a close friend being injured or killed. One in four were injured by an IED, three in four experienced long-range attacks with rockets or mortars, and half had been attacked at close range with machine guns (Gee, 2017).The point of these statistics is that serving in the United States military can be dangerou s, and if such a high percentage of transgender adults are willing to serve in the United States military and risk injury, they shouldnt be denied the ability to do so. The decision to serve in the United States host should be respected regardless of any drama created by gender. Along with the fact that transgender Americans have already proved that they are willing to make the same sacrifices as their military comrades, a large volume of transgender individuals cause little to no disruption of military activity while serving.In fact, as far as disruption of military activity is touch, transgender individuals who could possibly be disrupting military activity by acquire reassignment surgery account for less than 1% of all available members. The actual number of all individuals estimated to have running(a) treatments while actively serving was between 25 and 130 individuals hardly enough to cause any meaningful hindrance to military activities (PBS, 2017).In regards to this sam e issue of military disruption, eighteen early(a) countries were examined in a study to determine if transgender service members cause any noticeable problems. Overall, the study didnt move up any readiness or cohesion implications involving transgender individuals. Many countries revealed concerns about bullying issues at one point, nevertheless it was later determined that simple policy changes were able to deal with this issue (PBS, 2017).If other countries are able to work around the minor difficulties that transgender individuals may pose, then why cant the United States as well? sure if this situation is able to work for other countries, it can for Americans as well. Along with this information, President Trumps proposed ban has authoritative legal criticism as well.There are concerns that this ban would violate the Constitutional rights of those individuals affected by the ban. One example of the legal obstacles that this ban has faced occurred in August of 2017. Two gay rights groups filed a lawsuit to ban the ban before it could be instated. This lawsuit was filed on behalf of five transgender women who are openly and actively serving in the military, for they feel strongly that this ban would violate their constitutional rights (Cooper, 2017).Although the lawsuit itself wasnt the cause, the individuals who filed the suit earned at least a temporary victory in late October, for the ban was temporarily obturate in court by a federal judge (Kheel, 2017). This same judge responsible for the pulley was quoted saying that the ban does not appear to be supported by any facts. Along with this, another(prenominal) federal judge reviewed this ban in court and halted the ban altogether (Marimow, 2017).He stated that active-duty transgender service men and women already suffer harmful consequences because of the presidents policy. Some examples of said consequences include being set apart(predicate) as inherently unfit, facing the threat of discharge, th e inability to move ahead with long-term checkup plans, and the inability to commission as an officer.Due to these two federal court rulings, it is clear that there is much to be concerned about regarding the legality of the ban.A third court case was carried out with the National Center for sapphic Rights (NLCR) and the GLBTQ Legal Advocates Defenders (GLAD) as the plaintiffs. They argued that the ban violates the Fifth Amendment rights of all transgender service members, and they pushed for the removal of the ban on specie for gender reassignment surgery (which accompanied the transgender ban).Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly presided over the court. After the case ended, she wrote a 76-page memo stress the fact that the plaintiffs Fifth Amendment claim is a strong one that will prove difficult to confute once it reaches the Supreme Court. The fact that this ban has been heavily criticized, and in some cases acted upon, by not one, not two, but three extremely-esteemed judges only serves to prove that this ban is in entrancement of the Fifth Amendment and is highly discriminatory against transgender individuals who are only trying to serve their country.This ban has only encountered mouse after setback in court, yet the Secretary of Defense is still being pressured to produce a plan for both carrying out the ban and dealing with currently enlisted transgender individuals. Although President Trump is still pushing for action to be taken, the ban is still being processed through the courts as an appeal is being sought after due to the decisions made from past cases (Lopez, 2017).Although there are many arguments out there that support the idea of a United States Military with a transgender ban, they lack substantial evidence, and the evidence that is presented is far from accurate in most cases. President Trumps two main reasons for the ban, disruption of military service and health and medical costs, are easily discredited when all of the facts are lin ed out.In regards to disruption of services, its clear to see why this isnt a legitimate issue for the United States Military.First of all, there is roughly, on estimate, a total of 13,500 transgender individuals serving actively, in the reserves, or in the National Guard. Of these 13,500 transgender individuals, only an estimated 25-130 active members will ever undergo long-term surgical treatments that would cause disruption while serving.These numbers, compared with the estimated 1,281,900 total of all active service member, along with the 801,200 estimated to be in reserve, account for far less than even one percent of the militarys total service members (PBS, 2017). So, assuming that the highest estimate of 130 military members undergo surgical treatment while serving, an extremely insignificant fraction of all military members would be incapable of carrying out military duties while recovering.This accounts for .0015% of all available manpower at any given time for the militar y (PBS, 2017). That percentage is hardly worthy of being referred to as a disruption. The assist main reason behind this ban is the potential costs. The President and his staff worry that the medical treatments and surgeries that transgender individuals require is an overpriced and unnecessary cost to the United States Military budget.While gender reassignments and other surgeries are certainly expensive, as stated in the previous paragraph, only about 25-130 individuals will even have the operation make (PBS, 2017), and the military has historically not been required to pay for these surgeries unless they are proven medically necessary on a case-by-case basis. Along with this information, a study in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2015 found that the total costs for these surgeries and treatments would arrive to somewhere between 4.2-5.6 million dollars, or roughly ten percent of the annual military healthcare budget.For those that think this is a large come in of money , the annual amount of taxpayer dollars spent on medication for erectile dysfunction alone is over ten times this amount at 84 million dollars annually. Claiming that transgender medical costs are expensive and unnecessary is plain wrong. While not all treatments are medically necessary, several treatments are. Denying transgender individuals from serving in the military due to medical costs would be the equivalent of denying a diabetic the ability to serve it makes no sense.President Trump has made a lot of changes since he was elected into Presidency. While his decisions usually at least make some sense, the transgender military ban makes no sense at all. His two main reasons for this ban, which were potential disruption of military activity and medical costs, are backed by little to no evidence, and his ban is plan of attack across as discriminatory both in the public eye and in court so far.Transgender individuals should not be denied the right to serve because they have been a llowed to serve (not openly) for several years with little to no problem, they dont cause any disruption or hindrance to military activity, and the ban itself is being reviewed for its potential violation of the Fifth Amendment and discrimination against transgender individuals. All of this effort for a ban that isnt necessary should be spent on something more useful to America.

Common Network Vulnerabilities Essay

Businesses, governments, and other establishments face a wide array of learning guarantor risks. Some wipeoutanger the confidentiality of private information, some threaten the integrity of data and operations, and still others threaten to disrupt availability of critical schemes (Sullivan, 2009). Since such gage risks are always going to present in the cyber world, businesses and organizations contend to fully be aware of whatsoever vulnerabilities in their administrations. The initial realization of any organizations photo set up only first be understood through the knowledge of what photograph means.A vulnerability is a pledge department weakness but not a security threat. It is what take to be assessed in order to examine an organizations interlocking. One of the main network vulnerabilities face IT coach-and-fours today is the absence of encrypted data creation transferred and received between uninformed exploiters and the lack of knowledge and intelligence w ithin an organizations internal structure. Network vulnerabilities are present in every system and with the constant advancement in knowledge, programs, and technology it can be extremely difficult to rid any vulnerabilities in any root word.Whether it is implementing hardware or beefing up software security, no atomic number 53 method of defend a network can be greatly increased unless the users and IT professionals behind the update are up to speed on what is happening. To begin, all users in an organization or business need to be aware. Be aware of your surroundings. Be aware of the software that you use on a daily basis, and the information that is being passed between every oneness. Security awareness in any infrastructure needs to be the center of any cyber security business program.In many respects, the challenges of implementing and managing effective technical controls pale in comparison with the difficulties in addressing organizational weaknesses, such as insufficient or ineffective security awareness items of life (Sullivan, 2009). Companies that outweart set up security awareness and training are leaving open pathways into their network (McLaughlin, 2006). From an IT managers standpoint, companies are fully aware of the threats that their organization is faced with mundane.From a survey conducted from nearly 550 depleted and midsize businesses, it was found that human error was the primary cause of nearly 60 percent of security breaches during the then(prenominal) year (McLaughlin, 2006). This 60 percent clearly states that the primary holes in any organizations security remain user problems and insufficient training throughout the society. The alarming part is that little is being do to change cultural behavior (McLaughlin, 2006). Even knowing that the lack of education and training cause go withwide vulnerabilities, changes and training continue to lie on the wayside and be less of a precedence rather than a study one.The lucre i s rapidly growing and evolving and people need to evolve with it. The Internet is ultimately becoming the staple for all businesses today. Businesses from all over the world have found the Internet to be a cost effective and reliable business tool. Indeed, in the last few years, in addition to pompous business transactions, many of the controls systems (SCADA) that support national and public utilities are adopting the Internet as a internality data transport method. This has resulted in businesses and societies becoming critically dependent on the continuous operation of the Internet (John, n. ).These dependencies need to then be addressed to provide critical support for end user vulnerabilities. extirpate user vulnerabilities need to first be recognized within a business and proper stairs need to be taken to adequately train employees. Most of the flaws that emerge in the security and vulnerability assessment realm are due to misconfigurations and poor application of corporate security practices, which points to a need for training (McLaughlin, 2006). Businesses need to include security training and awareness this being the first step in the correction of network holes.In my opinion, security awareness is the basis of all network flaws. Because network security is extremely important, businesses need to make it a top priority to have a network infrastructure assessment. Networks are becoming increasingly complex and by executing a network assessment it allow assist IT managers ensure the companys network is operating at peak efficiency. The vulnerability of the system depends on the state of the system itself, on the capacity of a hazard to affect this state and on the undesired consequences the combination of the hazard and the vulnerability will eventually expire to (Petit & Robert, 2010).Known vulnerabilities of a security infrastructure require a situational awareness. This includes knowledge of security software versions for integrity management and anti-malware touch, signature deployments for security devices such as intrusion detection systems, and monitoring status for any types of security collection and processing systems (Amoroso, 2011). In addition to an entire infrastructure assessment, there must(prenominal) be companywide training classes.These trainings need to help employees understand not only the importance of network security, but also how their actions can impact everyone and everything well-nigh them. According to a Booz Allen Hamilton survey, the nations cyber defense is seriously challenged by shortages of highly skilled cyber-security experts (Vanderwerken & Ubell, 2011). This poses one major issue the people being hired to run elaborate business networks are flat and inadequately trained. These businesses must provide high- take in-house training programs to the experts as well as the entire men to ensure the integrity of internal and client systems and to avoid the cyber threats surrounding the bu siness.Training must be provided to end users to provide overall awareness and give them the general knowledge needed to maintain the businesses integrity and a sufficiently functional network. This simple, yet effective training will provide any business with a sufficient return on investment. As long as there are cyber criminals ready to strike, your company rest vulnerable. Vigilant cyber-security training and education must be your companys top priority (Vanderwerken & Ubell, 2011).Even though a business can provide the necessary training through company ide programs, the biggest vulnerability in an organization are the negligent employees who gullt care or dont want to participate in the proper security procedures. Most companies are oblivious to the fact that the most pervasive attacks on a network are caused by gullible and negligent employees clicking and arising invasive files embedded in emails and data from beyond the companys network firewall. Despite gruelling effo rts by most companies to alert force-out to email and Internet behavior that opens up firms to invasion, employees continue to do foolish things.As more access is given to the end user by means of energetic computing, cyber-crime prevention has to be a top priority. The corporate landscape requiring protection is multiplying at very truehearted pace (Vanderwerken & Ubell, 2011). Another major aspect in training is to be familiar with the upgrading of a network with new hardware. Such an update is a suitable idea but the installation and a working knowledge of how to use and implement this new technological hardware is essential.Many companies just dont understand how vulnerable they are in areas they never would expect there to be flaws, such as hardware purchasing. Inadvertent mistakes are better avoided when consistent and specific training is given to non-IT staff regarding the dangers their everyday activity can incur (Vanderwerken & Ubell, 2011). Taking it one step further, company wide training can only provide so much assurance but IT management also needs to be aware of the internal threats that may come from dishonest employees. Internal threats from dishonest employees are a major risk.Organizations need to keep a watchful eye on those who misbehave on internal networks, intentional or not (Beidel, 2011). Problems from the inside are often overlooked. Hackers have been successful against firms with solid security frameworks by analyzing their employees and going after them with cleverly worded emails, also known as phishing. Companies have begun training all employees on cybersecurity fundamentals. No amount of technology can prevent attacks if employees are not educated (Beidel, 2011). Phishing incidents are one of the main threats to uneducated employees.Uneducated employees are susceptible to the wolves and become prey to the malicious viruses disguised as harmless data or programs. Phishing is one of the easiest ways for enemies to feed off of these uneducated users in an organization. It takes the users lack of knowledge and gullible nature and tempts them in to opening or transferring data that has potentially been tampered with. This type of attack plays into the gullibility of the users and tries to get them to open malicious documents and pass them on to create a chain effect within a company and thus cause all sorts of problems.This ultimately could lead to loss of clients and even worse the downfall of the company itself. In conclusion, every network user must be educated and trained on Internet security. It is this training that is going to lesson a businesss network vulnerabilities and provide the education needed to strengthen security gaps on a companywide scale. Organizations must provide sophisticated training to in-house experts to ensure the integrity of internal and client systems.They must also offer charge to their entire workforce to avoid cyber minefields surrounding us all. Simple, yet effective, training must be provided to personnel for general awareness, while graduate education is now globally available to specialists to gain the high level of expertise your company requires. As long as there are cyber criminals ready to strike, your company remains vulnerable. Vigilant cyber-security training and education must be your companys top priority (Vanderwerken & Ubell, 2011).