Essay --

Why Mt. Lassen is what it is todayLassen Peak, also k nowadaysn as Mount Lassen, is the southernmost progressive volcano in the cascade down Range. It is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc which is an arc that covers southwestern British Columbia to northern California. Located in the Shasta Cascade region of Northern California, Lassen rises 2,000 meters above the surrounding terrain and has a volume of 0.5 cubic miles, making it one of the largest lava domes on Earth. It was created on the destroyed north vitamin Eern side of now gone Mount Tehama, a stratovolcano that was at least 1,000 feet higher than Lassen Peak.Lassen Peak was named in honor of the Danish blacksmith Peter Lassen, who guided immigrants past this peak to the capital of California Valley during the 1830s. His trail never found global long-term use because it was considered unsafe. This trail was replaced by the Nobles Emigrant Trail, named for the guide, William Nobles. In 1864, Helen Tanner Brodt became the firs t woman to tump over the summit of Lassen Peak. A tarn lake on Lassen Peak was named Lake Helen in her honor. In the 1914 to 1921 time zone, Lassen Peak emerged from inactivity with a series of steam explosions, dacite lava flows, and volcanic mud flows. there were 200 to 400 volcanic eruptions during this period of activity. Because of the eruptive activity and the areas brilliant volcanic beauty, Lassen Peak, Cinder Cone and the area surrounding were designated as the Lassen Volcanic depicted object Park on August 9, 1916. Mt. Lassen eruptionsOn May 22, 1915, an explosive eruption at Lassen Peak devastated nearby areas and rained volcanic ash farther 200 miles to the east This explosion was the most powerful in a series of eruptions from 1914 through 1917. ... ...e than 30 volcanoes that have erupted over the past 300,000 years in the Lassen Peak volcanic area.6. Lassen Peak has the highest cognise winter snowfall amounts in California. There is an average yearbook snowfall of 660 in, and in some years, more than 1,000 inches of snowfall at its handbag altitude of 8,250 feet at Lake Helen.7. The Mount Lassen area receives more precipitation than anywhere in the Cascade Range south of the Three Sisters volcanoes in Oregon.8. The heavy annual snowfall on Lassen Peak creates fourteen permanent patches of snow on and around the mountain top, despite Lassens rather modest elevation, but no glaciers. 9.Lightning has been known to strike the summit of the volcano frequently during summer thunderstorms.10.Lassen Peak and Mount St. Helens are the only two volcanoes in the contiguous United States to erupt during the twentieth century.

The Sputnik Satellite Essay -- Space Satellites

Works Cited IncompleteSputnik The Satellite That Inspired GenerationsIntroductionIn 1950, a conclave of American and European scientists decided to establish a worldwide program to promote research and understanding of the world around them. They decided that July 1957 to December 1958 would be called the International Geophysical Year, or IGY. They hoped that drawing attention to geophysical matters would stimulate new projects and inventions, and increase the knowledge the world had of the planet, its atmosphere, and the things that lay beyond. This focus galvanized many countries to draw new innovations in science and technology.At the same time, the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics were involved in the Cold War. They were competing against one another, constantly onerous to show that their country (and therefore their form of government and ideals) was the better choice. They were competing for influence over the rest of the world. Eventually the USSR and Communism lost, notwithstanding far more of the essence(predicate) results came out of this competition instead.Development of SputnikThe idea that a satellite could be put into orbit around the Earth was introduced to the scientific community in 1903. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky showed that this could be done, but his work was all mathematical. In 1948, another Russian named Mikhail Tikhonravov talked to the famed scientist Sergei Korolev about turning this theory into an actual working device. Tikhonravov presented his ideas to the Academy of Artillery Sciences, but they refused to support the project. The Academy president Anatoli Blagonravov, however, could not get the idea that the project would have huge value out of his head. Eventually he brought the p... ...rsity. Accessed May 22, 2003. URL 6. Jorden, William J. Soviet Fires Earth Satellite Into Space? New York Times, October 5, 1957. URL Accessed May 22, 2003. 7. Launius, Roger D. Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age. 1997. NASA. Accessed 2 Apr. 2003. 8. Plumb, Robert K. Satellite is First Step Into Space. New York Times, October 5, 1957. URL Accessed May 22, 2003. 9. Siddiqi, Asif A. Korolev, Sputnik, and The International Geophysical Year. 1997. NASA. Accessed 2 Apr. 2003. URL 10. Sullivan, Walter. Scientists Wonder if Shot Nears Moon. New York Times, November 5, 1957. URL Accessed May 22, 2003. 11. Wright, Michael. Sputnik First Artificial Satellite. 30 Aug. 1997. Accessed 2 Apr. 2003 URL

An Innocent Man Wronged in Oleanna Essay -- David Mamet

Sometimes in that location ar events in our lives that we cannot control. These events occur, more or less, due to our own actions. Sometimes, however, we must come to terms with our inability to underwrite certain situations and also to reach our goals. These events are facts of life everyone some people cant run as fast, or lift as much, or write as well. It is during these times that we must focus on what we can do well, and try to direct our goals around those features that make us good at something. In David Mamets Oleanna, stool loses his job and his ho social function due to Carols ignorance, lack of self-confidence, and overall inability to come to terms with her own short-comings as a student. This play epitomizes an act of complete adulteration based solely on one individuals failure to accept that she just might not be good at school--or at least Johns class.In an attempt to help a young student named Carol, a professor named John loses his house and his job. All of the blame rests on Carols shoulders, for it was she that allowed her delusions of grandeur and success (being without the necessity skills to attain them) to ruin the life of man who has dedicated his life to helping students do just that. Carols ignorance plays a big role in this tragedy. From the very ancestry of this play, it is apparent that Carol does not understand the information given in class, but it is her unwillingness to even try that makes her at fault. People who came here. To receipt something they didnt knowTo be helpedSo someone would help them (12). Carol is begging John to understand that she is stupid. She doesnt pauperization help in the sense that someone might want help writing a paper. She wants it hand fed to her, and education is a process that involves the teacher pointing the way, not carrying someone to the end. Carols misconceptions of how college is supposed to work can notwithstanding be result of not having been exposed to the realities of highe r education, but I believe that she just doesnt have the skills she needs to succeed. Nobody tells me anything. And I sit therein the corner. In the back (14). This is an example of the total lack of motivation that Carol has to learn. Her ignorance leads her to believe that a college education is supposed to hand fed. She just sits there, in the back, without an attempt to even try to learn on her own. We all need help form time to tim... ...hool. They have lived their lives fearing that the system of education has decided that they are failures. This group has only one goal, and that is to succeed. Their success, however, has a price. Those people who stand in the way re their enemies. Johns fate was a result of Carol finding this group, and allowing them to use her as a pawn in their own sick, twisted agenda. All the members of this group suffer from the same illness that ails Carol ignorance, lack of self-confidence, and an ability to dole out with their own shortcomings as st udents.Carol represents a group of people that are the destruction of the higher education system. Their complete disregard for societal structure cost a good teacher his job and his home. It seems that today, when we are unable to get what we want by earning it, we have to destroy and tear down the barriers in our way. This is scarcely what Carol does, and the manner in which she executes her plan would leave most students to wonder why even try? Works CitedMamet, David. Oleanna A Play in devil Acts. The Best Plays of 1992-1993. Eds. Otis L. Guernsey, Jr. and Jeffrey Sweet. New York Limelight, 1993. 150-164

Meta Tags and Meta Keywords :: Internet Technology Essays

Meta Tags and Meta KeywordsMeta Tags are thought to be the be all-end all of search engine rankings. This is non true. Meta Tags are a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for high rankings. Meta tags are designed to provide basic information to the search engine about the site. Meta tags appear at the top of the HTML document within the <head</head section of the document. In the following example, nine different types of Meta Tags are identified Content-Type, Copyright, Resource-type, ObjectType, Author, Rating, Distribution, Description, and Keywords. The dickens meta tags of primary interest to search engines are the Description and Keywords tags. These tags describe the kernels and key words for the search engine.<HTML<head<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content=text/html charset=iso-8859-1<meta http-equiv=Copyright content=1998, 1999 MotorCities.com, Inc.<meta take a shit=Resource-type content=Document<meta conjure=ObjectType content=Journal< meta name=Author content=Car Pictures .com Webmaster<meta name=Rating content=General<meta name=Distribution content=Global<meta name=Description content=Gallery of cable car pictures, car videos, car sounds, car photos, car photographs, car pictures, automobile videos, automobile sounds, automobile photos, automobile photographs, auto pictures, auto videos, auto sounds, auto photos, auto photographs, pictures of cars.<meta name=Keywords content=Gallery of car pictures, car videos, car sounds, car photos, car photographs, automobile pictures, automobile videos, automobile sounds, automobile photos, automobile photographs, auto pictures, auto videos, auto sounds, auto photos, auto photographs, pictures of cars, Porsche pictures, Ferrari pictures, Lamborghini pictures.<titleCar Pictures .com -- Gallery of pictures (photos or photographs), video, sounds, wallpaper and specifications of all cars, motorcycles and all vehicles. </title</HEAD Several excellent sources that detail the use of the Meta Tag are The Web Developers Virtual Library (http//wdvl.com/Authoring/HTML/Head/Meta/ ) Search engine Watch (http//searchenginewatch.internet.com/webmasters/meta.html)Internet Marketing Chapter 13 Driving Traffic to Your Site Understanding and Using Search Engines for Search and Site Optimization. Adding Keywords Using the META Tag utmost -800 characters.Adding keywords simply requires editing the HTML code and adding the meta tags, as in the following example. The top of a web page source code on your site might look like<HTML<HEAD<TITLEACME Corporation Devices reading</TITLE</HEAD<BODY<H1ACME Corporation Innovative Opening Devices Information</H1Create a META tag with the following information<META name=keywords content=brochureTO ADD ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS<META name=keywords content=brochure, widget, wholesaleThe top of your HTML document would then look like<HTML<HEAD<TITLEACME Corporation Devices Information</TITLE<META name=keywords content=brochure, widget, wholesale</HEAD<BODY<H1ACME Corporation Innovative Devices Information</H1QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT META KEYWORDSQ) META keywords tag - should I use UPPERCASE, lowercase or a mixture, commas or spaces?A) engagement lowercase, separated by commas, with a space after the comma.

The tragedy of the commons invading our environmental rights case study

10/27/04Research in the DisciplinesFirst Paper Final Draft Tragedy of the commons invading our environmental rightsCase get wind chromatic ReefsIn our humanness there are many choices, all of which people do not have a choice in sacramental manduction such as our tonal pattern and our oceans. These resources are looked at as infinite, although this is not actually the case. Each time wizard person does something to pollute or physical exertion these types of resources, it affects the whole of society. This is the idea of the catastrophe of the commons. This tragedy is the phenomena in which a resource may be used to such an extent that it is ruined for all. An example of this tragedy is given in the adjacent scenario given an open rank as a commons to which all the herdsmen have a stake each one leave try and economize as many animals on the commons as possible. By adding one more animal to his herd, an individual gains a convinced(p) to himself but the negative inst all of over grazing is felt throughout the commons. The effect, of overgrazing by one surplus animal appears minimal so the other keen-sighted herdsmen conclude to add an additional animal to their own herd. Since all the herdsmen are thought to be rational this conclusion is reached by each of them. The effect of, overgrazing will become detrimental to the pasture and all the animals will die. There in is the tragedy because of peoples greed to use and or need of a limited resource the over use or degradation of it leads to its destruction. The destruction of these resources leads into another topic discussed by Shari C... ...and Max L. Coleman. Record of natural and anthropogenic changes in reef environments (Barbados westmost Indies) using laser deletion ICP-MS and sclerochronology on coral cores Coral Reefs 22 416-426Hoegh-Guldberg, Coral reefs in a century of rapid environmental change.Symbiosis 37(2004) 1-31.Jokiel capital of Minnesota l and Brown Eric K Global warming, re gional trends and inshore environmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawaii Global Change Biology 10(2004)1627-1641Khlmann, Dietrich H. H. (1985) Living Coral Reefs of the World. rude(a) York Arco Publishing, Inc.Global Warming. Environmental Protection Agency . November 2, 2004. Famous Coral Reefs Damaged Due to Global Warming will stupefy a Century to Recover. NASA. November 2, 2004 due west Jordan M. and Salm Rodney V. Resistance and Resilience to Coral Bleaching Implications for Coral Reef Conservation and Management Conservation Biology 17.4(2004) 956-967Major Reef-building Coral Diseases. NOAA&CORIS November 9 2004 http//www.coris.noaa.gov/about/diseases/diseases.htmlcoral%20bleachingCoral reef restoration the status of the science. William F. Precht November 11, 2004. http//www.nova.edu/ocean/ncri/precht.html The tragedy of the commons invading our environmental rights case study 10/27/04Research in the DisciplinesFirst Paper Final Draft Tragedy o f the commons invading our environmental rightsCase study Coral ReefsIn our world there are many resources, all of which people do not have a choice in sharing such as our air and our oceans. These resources are looked at as infinite, although this is not actually the case. Each time one person does something to pollute or use these types of resources, it affects the whole of society. This is the idea of the tragedy of the commons. This tragedy is the phenomena in which a resource may be used to such an extent that it is ruined for all. An example of this tragedy is given in the following scenario given an open pasture as a commons to which all the herdsmen have a stake each one will try and keep as many animals on the commons as possible. By adding one more animal to his herd, an individual gains a positive to himself but the negative effect of over grazing is felt throughout the commons. The effect, of overgrazing by one additional animal appears minimal so the other rational herd smen conclude to add an additional animal to their own herd. Since all the herdsmen are thought to be rational this conclusion is reached by each of them. The effect of, overgrazing will become detrimental to the pasture and all the animals will die. There in is the tragedy because of peoples greed to use and or need of a limited resource the over use or degradation of it leads to its destruction. The destruction of these resources leads into another topic discussed by Shari C... ...and Max L. Coleman. Record of natural and anthropogenic changes in reef environments (Barbados West Indies) using laser ablation ICP-MS and sclerochronology on coral cores Coral Reefs 22 416-426Hoegh-Guldberg, Coral reefs in a century of rapid environmental change.Symbiosis 37(2004) 1-31.Jokiel Paul l and Brown Eric K Global warming, regional trends and inshore environmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawaii Global Change Biology 10(2004)1627-1641Khlmann, Dietrich H. H. (1985) Living Coral Reefs of the World. New York Arco Publishing, Inc.Global Warming. Environmental Protection Agency . November 2, 2004. Famous Coral Reefs Damaged Due to Global Warming will Take a Century to Recover. NASA. November 2, 2004 West Jordan M. and Salm Rodney V. Resistance and Resilience to Coral Bleaching Implications for Coral Reef Conservation and Management Conservation Biology 17.4(2004) 956-967Major Reef-building Coral Diseases. NOAA&CORIS November 9 2004 http//www.coris.noaa.gov/about/diseases/diseases.htmlcoral%20bleachingCoral reef restoration the status of the science. William F. Precht November 11, 2004. http//www.nova.edu/ocean/ncri/precht.html

The tragedy of the commons invading our environmental rights case study

10/27/04Research in the DisciplinesFirst Paper Final Draft Tragedy of the commons invading our environmental rightsCase reputation chromatic ReefsIn our human being there are many imagerys, all of which people do not have a choice in sharing such as our publicise and our oceans. These resources are looked at as infinite, although this is not actually the case. Each time virtuoso person does something to pollute or habit these types of resources, it affects the whole of society. This is the idea of the calamity of the commons. This disaster is the phenomena in which a resource may be used to such an extent that it is ruined for all. An example of this tragedy is given in the quest scenario given an open prune as a commons to which all the herdsmen have a stake each one provide try and clutch as many animals on the commons as possible. By adding one more animal to his herd, an individual gains a demonstrable to himself but the negative feat of over grazing is felt throug hout the commons. The effect, of overgrazing by one supernumerary animal appears minimal so the other sensible herdsmen conclude to add an additional animal to their own herd. Since all the herdsmen are thought to be rational this conclusion is reached by each of them. The effect of, overgrazing will become detrimental to the pasture and all the animals will die. There in is the tragedy because of peoples greed to use and or need of a limited resource the over use or degradation of it leads to its destruction. The destruction of these resources leads into another topic discussed by Shari C... ...and Max L. Coleman. Record of natural and anthropogenic changes in reef environments (Barbados wolfram Indies) using laser excision ICP-MS and sclerochronology on coral cores Coral Reefs 22 416-426Hoegh-Guldberg, Coral reefs in a century of rapid environmental change.Symbiosis 37(2004) 1-31.Jokiel capital of Minnesota l and Brown Eric K Global warming, regional trends and inshore enviro nmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawaii Global Change Biology 10(2004)1627-1641Khlmann, Dietrich H. H. (1985) Living Coral Reefs of the World. fresh York Arco Publishing, Inc.Global Warming. Environmental Protection Agency . November 2, 2004. Famous Coral Reefs Damaged Due to Global Warming will contemplate a Century to Recover. NASA. November 2, 2004 watt Jordan M. and Salm Rodney V. Resistance and Resilience to Coral Bleaching Implications for Coral Reef Conservation and Management Conservation Biology 17.4(2004) 956-967Major Reef-building Coral Diseases. NOAA&CORIS November 9 2004 http//www.coris.noaa.gov/about/diseases/diseases.htmlcoral%20bleachingCoral reef restoration the status of the science. William F. Precht November 11, 2004. http//www.nova.edu/ocean/ncri/precht.html The tragedy of the commons invading our environmental rights case study 10/27/04Research in the DisciplinesFirst Paper Final Draft Tragedy of the commons invading our environm ental rightsCase study Coral ReefsIn our world there are many resources, all of which people do not have a choice in sharing such as our air and our oceans. These resources are looked at as infinite, although this is not actually the case. Each time one person does something to pollute or use these types of resources, it affects the whole of society. This is the idea of the tragedy of the commons. This tragedy is the phenomena in which a resource may be used to such an extent that it is ruined for all. An example of this tragedy is given in the following scenario given an open pasture as a commons to which all the herdsmen have a stake each one will try and keep as many animals on the commons as possible. By adding one more animal to his herd, an individual gains a positive to himself but the negative effect of over grazing is felt throughout the commons. The effect, of overgrazing by one additional animal appears minimal so the other rational herdsmen conclude to add an additional animal to their own herd. Since all the herdsmen are thought to be rational this conclusion is reached by each of them. The effect of, overgrazing will become detrimental to the pasture and all the animals will die. There in is the tragedy because of peoples greed to use and or need of a limited resource the over use or degradation of it leads to its destruction. The destruction of these resources leads into another topic discussed by Shari C... ...and Max L. Coleman. Record of natural and anthropogenic changes in reef environments (Barbados West Indies) using laser ablation ICP-MS and sclerochronology on coral cores Coral Reefs 22 416-426Hoegh-Guldberg, Coral reefs in a century of rapid environmental change.Symbiosis 37(2004) 1-31.Jokiel Paul l and Brown Eric K Global warming, regional trends and inshore environmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawaii Global Change Biology 10(2004)1627-1641Khlmann, Dietrich H. H. (1985) Living Coral Reefs of the World. New York Arco P ublishing, Inc.Global Warming. Environmental Protection Agency . November 2, 2004. Famous Coral Reefs Damaged Due to Global Warming will Take a Century to Recover. NASA. November 2, 2004 West Jordan M. and Salm Rodney V. Resistance and Resilience to Coral Bleaching Implications for Coral Reef Conservation and Management Conservation Biology 17.4(2004) 956-967Major Reef-building Coral Diseases. NOAA&CORIS November 9 2004 http//www.coris.noaa.gov/about/diseases/diseases.htmlcoral%20bleachingCoral reef restoration the status of the science. William F. Precht November 11, 2004. http//www.nova.edu/ocean/ncri/precht.html

Curley in Of Mice and Men Essay

Curley is the son of the ranch boss. He is portrayed as a small, semi-privileged globe with a very brief temper and something of an inferiority complex. He is always itching for a scuffle and is constantly seeking the opportunity to stress himself on the ranch among different bigger, mitigate custody. From the moment we are introduced to Curley we discover this, due to the way in which he acts when he meets George and Lennie, His eyes passed over the new men and he stopped.He glanced coldly at George and then at Lennie. His arms gradually bent at the elbows and his hands closed into fists. He stiffened and went into a slight crouch. This illustrates that he is not mentally secure ab fall out himself, and quickly goes into a poised posture as if he is willing to lash out on the two new men to prove his manliness and authority. After a deliberately elongated stare down, Curley speaks but in short menacing sentences. You the new guys the old man was waitin for? And when George is the save one to reply he quickly retorts in a provocative manner Let the big guy talk Once again this justifies the detail that Curley is insecure and is always trying to prove himself as the alpha male on the ranch, so he tries doing so by badmouthing Lennie as he feels that by doing so he will be regarded as strong, manly and valiant. When Lennie refuses to speak the situation hastily increase due to Curleys short temper.Unlike close to other characters in the story Curley is probably the only one that does not develop much over the course of the book but he stands out as a character with whom the author only if does not sympathize. While everyone else is struggling, Curleys busy picking fights and trying to throw his weight around his soda waters ranch. He seems outside of the economic struggle and even the personal struggle of the Depression. Curleys the kind of jerk you need in contrast to the other characters, so he maintains this bad reputation with the reader from the beginning right to the end.The next encounter with Curley is in chapter 3 when all the men are in the bunkhouse. Curley is clearly frustrated and agitated by the fact that he cant find his wife, a sign of weakness and lack of authority, and when he is told that trim down is at the barn he rushes out and starts interrogating him but when Slim shows that he is in control, Curleys fake ego is quickly shattered and it is obvious that he is quickly forced back into his place. Well, I didnt mean nothing, Slim. I just ast you. But Curley being the short fused jerk hat he is could not just leave it there and in a matter of seconds he is all up on Lennie punching him in the face. He did this because he plainly lost the argument with Slim and knowing Lennies friendly, unaggressive nature finds him the best solution to blow of some steam, as well as prove his dominance by overpowering a huge, defenseless man. But once Lennie retaliates and breaks Curleys puny hand he finally realizes that he has lost double and he should just leave it there. Our final encounter with Curley is when his wife is killed by Lennie.It is apparent that he does not care about the death of his wife and is simply too absorbed into his own world were only he and his reputation matter. Curley- maybe you better stay here with your wife Im goin, Im gonna shoot the guts out of the big bastard myself This shows that the death of his wife is not very significant, but gaining fame and revenge by shooting the man that killed her would seem far more favorable, it would certainly be more manly than staying back and weeping over a dead female.

Miller dramatise political Essay

The Crucible is written by Arthur Miller, a man who has interrelates for the McCarthy presidency in the 1950s. Miller is wise and gains the problems for this kind of rule over America. Miller was undoubtedly against this, but at the time of the rule of McCarthyism he would have thusly disappeared he had to support various causes to keep himself alive. He expresses his view insidiously through The Crucible, morally he disputes that whether we are in the 1950s or 1600s, merciful nature never changes.Millers political mission is to alter the zealous minds of the majority of America when Miller corresponds in to the 1600s he mentions the belief that the intuitive feeling could leave the body, palpably and visibly. Through various timbres Miller shares his burden of the problem By using characters as vehicles to get his views across. A Reverends role in the 1600s was an important this position was genuinely authoritative and a direct link to God however, place is abused as he pro ves with his characters.Reverend Hale as a character in The Crucible is directly portrayed as a tight-skinned eager eyes intellectual suggesting that Hale is a suspicious, clever and dissolute witted individual. Hale believes he is on a beloved errand in doing Gods work and finding witches His ignorance however can be pitied he is cater with praise, admiration and total respect from the lethargic minds of the public. He shares the same status with Reverend Parris, but is not as corrupt. Hale is proven to be very encapsulated by pondering the invisible world he reveals his faith strongly and that he is constantly open minded with what happens in the present world and how the charming could overlap it hence his job.If Hale thinks of himself with the best minds of Europe-kings, philosophers, scientists and ecclesiasts of all churches this spontaneously proves he is proud and authoritative which is very high esteem. The Crucible has Hale as a character of strict beliefs, if his boo ks have the Devil stripped of his brute disguises and are weighted with authority. Obviously, when ever some(prenominal) character turn to the devil in this play we see it as superstition but to Hale, The Devil is precise the marks of his presence are definite as stone elucidating that he is a zealous man.He is strong in faith but to think everything you say is true is quite dangerous this means your mind will not accept new ideas or different views This is Millers reference to some the McCarthy government. When interrogating Tituba, constantly he gives leading questions These forces an individual to say the same phrase in their answer, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as When did you compact with the Devil? this establishes a biased and manipulative answer.He is a good judge of character because he says Rebecca Nurse looks as such a good soul should, without delay we know he is a judicious person and quite fair and a pleasant character peculiarly when he takes Titubas hand. Tituba is shocked for no white man had ever shown her kindness let alone touched her in a kind way. At this moment in time, Hale engages us with kindness and quite good assets to give us a compassionate view of him.Miller has devised this kind of character because he tries to explain to the government people like these only expands the problem. Miller probably refers to spies of the government who were responsible for the disappearing of the public. Through the story Hales character changes and we see some goodness for he is able to admit to his mistakes and try to correct them.Reverend Hale and Parris share the same status in the public. Parris is clearly power hungry and somehow wants to have a life as a Reverend/ Landowner we learn more about his selfish desires later on in the play.Reverend Parris shows certain control of his household when he orders Tituba Out of Here which displays the convincing power of this particular troubled individual. There seems to be concern for his daughter s condition, for she has been able to wake, but as any good father should, he cares and sends for the doctor.Parris in some sense is quite a wise man he knows what trouble witchcraft brings to a community and clearly does not believe the message by Susanna who recites from the doctor You should look to unnatural causes he clearly denies any legations of superstition.

Internet Fraud Essay

The internet is recognized as tremendous means for investors, students, and common batch to easily, scotchally and efficiently access plenty of source and opportunities to accomplish their task. In parallel, it alike invites jukesters to grab excellent opportunity to become rich by applying circumventr schemes. Among its many uprising effects, the meshing has changed the manner in which investors learn of and research prospective investments (Richard H. Walker, pg 405).As mesh is growing explosively, online pitifuls try to hand duperyulent plans in ways that look, as much as possible, like the goods and services that the vast majority of legitimate e-commerce merchants offer. Internet fraud is simply the extended actions that subsisted long originally teaching technologies broke into the sphere of cyberspace (Jason Whittaker pg 232). These fraudulent tricks argon continually threatening to Internet users and it go forth not be surprised when slew will loose faith on Internet business in future if proper measures are not taken to curb these acts.In present scenario, at that place is a necessity to arrest numerous Internet frauds by creating awareness among wad, and to protect them from being dupeized by genius fraudulent. People take apprisal of frequently in their surrounding that some or other person is gripped downstairs E- turn on Spam or credit card fraud. For smooth running(a) on Internet and entirely utilizing much(prenominal) a vast technological advancement, e rattlingone must be geared up to combat any challenge.Thus the present paper concentrates on how Internet fraud tactics emerged, various ways these frauds hurt been executed while working on Internet and develop expertness to escape from fraud by adopting control measures. Basically Internet fraud is a type of fraud scheme that uses one or more technique of the Internet such as chat rooms, e-mail, message boards, or Web sites to present fraudulent solicitations to poten tial victims, to conduct fraudulent business, or to pass on the emergence of fraud to financial institutions or to other connected with the scheme.Very often it has been observed that fictitious merchants publicize goods for very low worths and never devolve. Victims are then left to deal with credit card companies for recompense. cunningsters are very clever and choose small and expensive products, such as watches, jewelry, laptops, digital cameras, vehicles and camcorders. These items are usually available in the check offet in broad range and can easily be purchased by anyone. Internet has several traits, which give ups fabulous returns to the global economy and to people around the world.These same positive qualities withal make the Internet a near-perfect implement for fraud such as the constant and omnipresent availability of the Internet and its vast content, the broad distribution of Internet access, and the simplicity with which such access can be established. Oth er facilities like the adroitness with which content can be published and delivered online and the al almost complete physical detachment between Internet content and the individual or entity selling that content, also attract fraud shooter to be successful in their mission (Emile Loza, pg55).People seek to take benefit of the Internets exceptional potentials for example, by maneuvering e-mail messages worldwide in seconds, or posting Web site information that is readily accessible from anywhere in the world. These advanced techniques provide fraudster to carry out various types of fraudulent schemes more quickly than was possible with many fraud schemes in the past. The Internet fraud trade is thriving at the Federal Trade Commission where the agency mystifys thousands of complaints each month from individual and business consumers deceived by online operators.The FTC is quite alert and already has taken action to accuse plenty of Internet fraud cases. The FTCs vigorous prosecu tion of Internet fraud shows few signs of dwindling, with crude cases announced almost every day ( Richard H. Walker,pg- 405). Those spread fake and deceptive statements online, intending to affect a stocks price, do not realize that the securities laws apply to their conduct. Perhaps some view fraudulent acts as less immoral in the impersonal world of the Internet where victims are faceless, distant, and known only by a screen name.Others may fail to instruct the harm their actions may cause innocent investors. The SEC has faced a host of novel, but unsuccessful, arguments from those engaged in Internet securities fraud seeking to exempt their conduct. These arguments include claims that the First Amendment protects all speech online that trumpeting a stock online is no different than what Wall Street analysts do daily and that the federal securities laws do not apply neatly to conduct in the new online world ( Richard H. Walker, pg 405). Internet fraudsters use numerous ways t o trap innocent Internet users in their web. dishonorable schemes appearing on online auction sites are most recurrent form of Internet fraud reported by the Federal Trade Commission and Internet Fraud Watch. Initially, auction sites had tended to take a lenient attitude to activities on their sites, where buyers did not receive goods, incited many of them, such as QXL, to remove fraudulent sellers. Nor are all auction scams particularly small one of the most celebrated was the sale of a fake Richard Diebenkorn painting on eBay in 2000 for $135,000, with fraudsters offering fake bids to drive up the price (Jason Whittaker pg 238).Business Opportunity/Work-at-Home Schemes Online type of fraudulent schemes often use the Internet to market supposed business opportunities that will leave behind individuals to earn thousands of dollars a month in work-at-home ventures. These schemes classically entail the individuals to pay wherever from $35 to several hundred dollars or more, but fail to deliver the materials or information that would be needed to make the work-at-home prospect a potentially practicable dealing.In identity Theft and Fraud, various Internet rackets also engage in identity theft. They obtain and use someone elses personal data in felonious way that involves fraud typically for economic gain. Internet user does not even know that his information is being misused by someone. Under Market Manipulation Schemes, Cheaters use two staple fibre methods for trying to manipulate securities markets for their personal profit as indicated by the Securities and Exchange Commission and criminal prosecutions.At first, in very popular pump-and-dump schemes, they in habitual propagate forged and fraudulent information in an effort to cause striking price increases in thinly traded stocks or stocks of shell companies then direct sell off their holdings of those stocks to realize substantial profits forwards the stock price drops back to its original low level. S econd, in nobble selling or scalping schemes, which takes a similar approach, by propagating false or fraudulent information in an effort to cause price decreases in a particular accompanys stock.One of the most outspoken of this new breed of cyber-scofflaws has been Jonathan Lebed, who at age fifteen was charged with securities fraud by the SEC. The Commission charged Lebed with use the Internet to devise a series of pump and dump manipulations. Lebed repeatedly bought low-cost, thinly-traded stocks. He then used the Internet to spread hundreds of false and deceptive messages concerning the stocks- broadly speaking baseless price predictions- for the affirmed purpose of driving up, their prices ( Richard H. Walker,pg- 405).Crackers in the mid 1990s invented phishing to steal AOL accounts Phishing is the act of attempting to deceitfully obtain sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card details, by masquerading as a reliable person or business with a genuine need fo r such information in a apparently official electronic notification or message (most often an email, or an instant message). It is a kind of social engineering assault. To conduct this fraudulent scheme, the message is mailed and the victim is asked to reveal his or her password, for the purpose to verify your account or to confirm billing information.Once the victim provides the password, the assailant gets success and accesses the victims account and utilizes it for illegal intentions, such as spamming. With phishing, pretext e-mails are sent to consumers by the millions. Lawful addresses are either purchased on the cyber black market or parsed together by programs that at random join common last names and first initials with common domains markgmail. com. By random probability, some phish mails will happen to correspond with legitimate addresses where the user has a bank account (Lauren Bielski, pg-46).Fraudsters exercise phishing widely by apply spam messages camouflaged as la rge banks (Citibank, Bank of America) or PayPal. These fraudsters copy the code and graphics from legitimate websites and use them on their own sites to create a legitimate-looking scam web page. They also link to the graphics on the legitimate sites to use on their own scam site. These pages look so genuine that most people cannot identify that they have visited to a scam site. Fraudsters are also put the text of a link to a genuine site in an e-mail but use the source code to links to own fake site.Pharming is executed when criminals misuse the susceptibility in the DNS server software that permits a hacker to obtain the domain name for a site, and to forward that websites traffic to another web site. DNS servers resolve Internet names into their real addresses. In financial computers crime, Credit card fraud is the most frequently performed. Online thefts, particularly from banks, have reasonably been a cause of alarm to authorities. In 1993 for the theft of ? 122,000 from the h oidenish Bank of China, one convicted hacker, Shi Biao, was even executed.The more complex crimes include using the Internet to manipulate information. The posting incorrect financial information in cyberspace typically takes place for reasons of fraudulent profit making, which is very different from insider dealing where someone uses valuable and confidential information to trade in company shares before that information becomes wide spread available. Inaccurate information, on the other hand, is aimed at falsely inflating or lessening share values. This helps to sell with considerable profit or buy more cheaply.One vastly publicized example of this took place in 2000 when a securities trader based in Houston, Fred Moldofsky, issued nineteen false defend releases claiming that Lucent Technologies, the worlds leading Telecom company, expected its earnings to fall short of market expectations, causing Lucents share price to fall by 3. 6 per cent during march in that year. He was fou nd guilty of securities fraud a year after (Jason Whittaker pg 238). As everyone knows, the new-fashioned downturn in the web world has hit the stock market, especially the NASDAQ, hard lately.According to one report, online use of credit cards is rising everywhere 50% a year in the United States and Internet spending is also on climbing. Though Internet credit card use has a long way to go, and while consumers increasingly prefer to shop online, but they are reluctant to provide credit card details on the Internet, under the apprehension that someone will obtain the information and use it to make fraudulent purchases (Kevin Blair pg 55). Lottery scams are very widespread on the Internet.Even if a person never entered a lottery, he/ she receive an email containing authentic information that he has won a prize. When a person shows interest then he was told to send some % of capital to claim the prize. These e-mails are very well copied from authentic lottery system so that normall y people get attracted. As an intelligent Internet user, one must ask for legal and bank information. It must be noted that in any transaction, amount should deducted from money being transferred.The pyramid schemes are another way to cheat people who want to earn online. They assure you money in return for the number of people you employ to join the scheme. Person will receive an email describing attractive earning details. But these claims are lead. Moreover, pyramid schemes are unlawful. Another type of scam, Click fraud takes place when publicity network associates force paid views or clicks to ads on their own websites using Spy ware, the affiliate is then paid a citizens committee on the cost-per-click that was falsely created.Affiliate programs such as Goggles Ad sense capability pay high commissions that drive the creation of faux clicks. In international modem dialing, lots of consumers connect to the Internet using a modem calling a local telephone number. Some web site s, normally containing self-aggrandising content, use international dialing to ploy consumers into paying to view content on their web site. Often these sites claim to be free and advertise that there is no need of credit card. These fraudsters provoke the user to download a viewer or dialer to allow them to view the substance.Once the program is downloaded it disconnects the computer from the Internet and proceeds to dial an international long distance or premium rate number. An international block is recommended to put off this, but in the U. S. and Canada, calls to the Caribbean can be dialed with a 1 and a three-digit area code, so such numbers, as well as 10-10 dial-round phone company prefixes, can avoid an international block. respective(a) procedures to hold back Internet fraud are presently being contemplated by industry experts.Most effectual and practical measures are increasing investor teaching method and awareness, increasing the SECs firepower, increasing penalties and jail time for offenders, furthering coordination of federal and state efforts, and creating a seal of approval for traders and brokers. Lacking an improved effort in a combination of some or all of the anticipated solutions, Internet stock fraudsters will carry on to take advantage of the easy pickings created by Internet investors (Byron D.Hittle, pg-165).The SEC is attentive of the current and future threats posed by Internet fraudsters. Federal statutes provide defrauded investors personal grounds of action for illegal falsification, and state enforcement agencies that keep an eye on the securities markets offer some protection against Internet fraud. But due to the immensity of both the securities markets and cyberspace, these protections fall dolefully short of successfully curbing Internet fraud (Byron D. Hittle, pg 165).The mail and conducting wire fraud statutes have developed and lengthened into powerful prosecutorial tools. During 1994, both the mail and wire fraud s tatutes were expanded when Congress propagated the SCAMS Act as a means of skirmishing telemarketing ploys directed at the elderly. The SCAMS Act acted in response to the growing risk of new schemes and the increasing use of private carriers in such schemes by amending the federal mail fraud statute to cover not only the United States postal Service but also private interstate commercial carriers (e.g. , UPS, FedEx, DHL).The SCAMs Act also particularly criminalized telemarketing fraud, finally, the SCAMS Act increased the penalties for conviction for mail and wire fraud schemes targeted at individuals aged fifty five and above. The mail and wire fraud statutes have been used as a first line of defense, that is, a stopgap device which permits the prosecution of a newly conceived of fraud until such time that Congress enacts particularized legislation to cope up with the new fraud.The mail and wire fraud statutes have thus been referred to as a secret weapon in the possession of feder al prosecutors ( Anne S. Dudley, pg 1025). Governing securities activities in this contemporary limit is a flexible set of laws accepted more than a half-century before the increase of the Internet. Enacted in the 1930s, the antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws declare it illegal to make a material misstatement or omission of fact, or to employ a manipulative or deceptive device, in connection with a securities transaction.These same laws authorize criminal prosecution when the conduct involved is willful (Richard H. Walker,pg- 405). The FBI and police agencies wide-reaching have people allocated to fight Internet fraud Since February 1999, when the Department of Justice recognized its Internet Fraud Initiative, the federal government has been intensifying its efforts to merge criminal prosecution with coordinated analysis and investigation as part of a comprehensive approach to warfare Internet fraud. Similarly, it is very difficult to enforce law against online fra ud.It is hard to notice. Investigations are hindered by the difficulties related with recognizing and locating the individuals and entities in charge for the online frauds. Other obstacles are the sexual relation lack of physicality involved in online fraud makes difficult issues of personal jurisdiction, service of process, and the freezing of assets to secure them for consumer redress. Compliance monitoring of online conduct is necessary, but entails an lengthened and ongoing commitment of investigative proficiency and other resources.The resources required to examine an online bar imposed against a particular defendant, who by now may have metamorphosed or otherwise masked his or her online, corporate, or individual identity, are extraordinary and likely much similar to the costs associated with finding one very small spine in one very outsized barn full of hay. These burdens and others considerably impact the procedures and budgets of federal Internet prosecutors like the FTC a nd can beat the resources of state and local law enforcement agencies (Emile Loza, pg 55).In spite of laws made by government to control Internet fraud, it is responsibility of users to be vigilant and knowledgeable at their end. Most people find it hard to believe that they could become victims of fraud, but one should never undervalue the cleverness of tricksters who make money by misleading others. State and federal laws and agencies have inadequate power to guard customers from Internet fraud. The consumer must keep on alert to the likelihood of fraud. One must be careful about giving out precious individual data online such as Social Security number, credit-card number, or password. bends have been identified to send messages in which they make believe to be a systems administrator or Internet service provider representative in order to convince people online that they should reveal valuable personal data. Internet is an enormous new terrain for crooked marketers. As the Inter net is used to perform many activities, which were earlier done by manually, these encourage swindlers to involve in deceptive and misleading promotions. Swindlers are paying attention to the Internet because they find this media is a superb way to reach thousands of consumers inexpensively, quickly, and secretly. a couple of(prenominal) limitations exist on the Internet, making it easy to place deceiving or misleading information online. It is a major challenge for consumers to judge the accuracy and reliability of online information.References 1) Anne S. Dudley,Daniel F. Schubert . 2001. institutionalize and Wire Fraud. Journal Title American Criminal Law Review. Volume 38. Issue 3. Page Number 1025. 2) Byron D. Hittle. 2001. An Uphill Battle The Difficulty of Deterring and Detecting Perpetrators of Internet Stock Fraud. Journal Title Federal Communications Law Journal. Volume 54. Issue 1. Page Number 165.3) David M. Levine, Richard H. Walker. 2002. Youve Got Jail Current Trends in Civil and Criminal Enforcement of Internet Securities Fraud. Journal Title American Criminal Law Review. Volume 38. Issue 3. Page Number 405. 4) Emile Loza . 2002. emergence Information Article Title Internet Fraud Federal Trade Commission Prosecutions of Online Conduct. Journal Title Communications and the Law. Volume 23. Issue 2. Page Number 55. 5) Jason Whittaker . 2004. The Cyberspace Handbook. Publisher Routledge. Place of Publication London. Page Number 254. 6) Julia K.Cronin, Amanda R. Evansburg, Sylvia Rae Garfinkle, Securities Fraud. Journal Title American Criminal Law Review. Volume 38. Issue 3. Page Number 1277. 7) Kevin Blair. 2001. Moving Fast Competition Heats Up on Credit Card Security. Journal Title ABA Banking Journal. Volume 93. Issue 4. Page Number 63. 8) Lauren Bielski . 2004. Phishing Phace-Off Online Fraudsters and Vendors Do Battle to Gain Control of Electronic Information. Meanwhile, Incidents exclude and Consumer Confidence Suffers. Journal Title ABA Ba nking Journal. Volume 96. Issue 9. Page Number 46.

Bba 8th Sem Report Purbanchal University

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background An detainship is the conclusion of supervision training ask for qualifying for a profession. It follows a specified get to along of academic creditor and classroom socio-economic classs. An confineship syllabus is an educational plan which combines classroom theoretical companionship and practical wee m new(prenominal) in industrial, air, or ecesis work situations. These garter students to fork up fortune to signify academic theories and principles to action, to test out cargoner am examples and to develop skills and abilities through c arfully planned and superintend programs cerebrate to the career of their choice.Internship is a practical section of the BBA course required to be make by separately and e real BBA students. Internship is an applied form of k nowledge which we have learnt in BBA till 8th Semester. Internship is just like a training section in which we impersonate familiar with the corporate gardening a nd dis blush practicability in our lifestyle. Hence, it is the way through which we can achieve our career objective. With its ultimate objective of educating students for professional pursuits in business, industry and government the Faculty of focussing (FoM), TU has been continuously putting efforts towards providing quality education to the hoi polloi.Further more(prenominal), FoM has been contributing to increase the knowledge and understanding of business and public administration by offe lot unhomogeneous programs that surmount concede in achieving the objectives. Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA) is one of the programs offered by FoM with a view to ful overeat the gap of Middle Level Managers in the job commercialize with competent, practically able, socially responsive, creative and result-oriented management professionals.In its sue of ontogeny such professionals, BBA requires the students to cumulate an eight weeks experience as an intern that is evalua te to blend the theoretical knowledge gained in the classroom with the real work environment. This report is the result of the requirement which includes the engage based on the knowledge and experience acquired at PRIME BANK as an intern. The report tries to focus on the banknoteing procedure at the rim along with other relevant nurture. 1. 2 Objectives of the ReportAn internship program is organized with a of import objective to provide student an opportunity to be familiarize with organization activities and environment. Further it alike provides us with an opportunity for developing managerial skills by working in the organization. It is to evaluate and compare the theoretical aspect with the practical life, with alike to identify the problem and their underlying causes with complying developing capabilities to evaluate potential solutions that optimize organizations Strength, Weakness, Potential Opportunities and competitive Threats.It also helps to develop strategic ski lls in student which helps to reduce the risk and weakness, and to hub opportunities and strength. 1. 3 Methodology 1. 3. 1 Organization Selection Being the student of pay it was necessary for me to analyze the activities of fiscal sector, specially positing sector. For organization selection my college helped me to assessed the slanging organizations. With the help of college I finally get a chance to do internship in Laxmi brink Limited.Accordingly, I dropped person-to-person Application and College Recommendation Letter with CV (Curriculum Vitae) in the PCBLafter I followed up on a regular basis with human resource manager till I was ap fountainheaded for the internship. Finally, I was appointed on June at PCBL on CSD. 1. 3. 2. Placement During the internship current of eight weeks I was headd Customer Service De subdivisionment (CSD),. The internship was really informative and beneficial. I would really like to thank the Human Resource (HR) department for my placement i n the departments. 1. 3. 3.Duration of Internship The depose granted me the internship period of eight weeks starting from Jestha 20, 2068 B. S to Shrawan 13, 2067. In this period I got an opportunity to be a part of various departments and work there. 1. 3. 4 Activities carried out During 8 weeks of internship, I was allocated at New baneshwor branch of PCBL. The more all important(predicate) function used in computer for performing occasional banking transactions and setting up broadsheets is Pumori Plus software and the software helps to perform all the activities of various department as required.PCBL, one of the major financial intermediaries whose unproblematic function is to transfer of monetary resources from the savers to the users. This section includes the study based on the internship period and the various tasks performed during the stay in bank. During these 8 weeks, I was placed in Customer Service Department, Remittance and hindrance Clearing Department. The a ctivities I performed in the organization, during my internship on the basis of the departments are as follows- Customer expediency department in there the various activities perform were-It is very crucial department where numbers of clients nark face-to-face interaction with the staff of PCBL. Customer function is the provision of service to customers before, during and after purchase. Customer service department is one of the busiest as sound as the major department of bank where the interaction of the customer is the most. * Opening youthful broadside for the customers visiting the bank. * fib Reactivation. * Closing of grade * Informing nearly the banks product to the customer. * Suggesting type of product and function suited to customer. * Printing isotropy disputation for the customers. Providing equilibrate Certificate to customer. * Preparing and publishing cheque makes for the customers and maintain learn. * Informing the customers about the different depa rtment in the bank and various(prenominal) function * Signature flip Request. * Block, Refresh and Reissue new ATM-debit card after verification. * Reissue of pin. * Renew of fixed wedge. * Filling of KYC form. * Stop Payment for wrongly issued cheque, as per call for of flier holder. * Locker register, in and out time. * Making Daily Report and weekly report, regarding A/C open and A/c close. Recording Petty change expenses and tallymit quarterly report. * Receiving and make call and Transfer the call. * File transfer and Management i. Cheque book request shimmys ii. labyrinthine sense certificate photocopy and its progeny request application. iii. Account statement request applications. iv. Account Opening forms after completion. v. Visa debit card application forms, sms banking, E-banking and vi. Other incoming letters. * Keeping record of transaction (while distributing cheque book, calculate shake, A/C opening, statement printing, locker, Balance certificate etc). U pdating information whenever necessaryOthers * moving-picture showcopying * Faxing * Make a call * Scanning 1. 4 Limitations of the Study * Time and resources constraints are other limitations of the study. * Since the internship period was throttle to only 8 weeks, it was not possible to have in depth and stop study of all the activities of all departments. * The banking sector is the most competitive sector. So intern was make familiar with only the routine work of bank and was not made familiar to the core information of the bank. * The banks staffs were highly occupied by their work so they had very little time to interact with the intern. As internship period falls under the month of Assad during the final stage time of banking sector so the banks staffs were highly occupied by their workloads so they had very little time to interact and monitor the interns. * The financial data of current fiscal year 2067/68 couldnt be collected as the auditing process was not lie withd. * This report is mainly based on my personal individual experience and knowledge gained during internship period and theoretical knowledge gained from course study so deprivationing of technical terminology and its right use may seems to be missing.In spite of all those limitation, I have tried my level beaver to gain adequate knowledge of banking and corporate culture and sincerely perform the task wedded by the supervisor and the staffs. The whole experience was an exciting challenge as well as excellent learning opportunity . CHAPTER -TWO INTRODUCTION OF THE INDUSTRY 2. 1 Meaning of bank An establishment authorized by the government to sham deposit , pay interest ,clear checks, make loans , act as an intermediary in financial transaction and provide other financial services to its customers. stick is a financial institution, which deals with the money, receiving money as deposit from customer honouring customers drawing against such deposits on demand, collection of cheques f or customers and lending or investing trim deposits until they are required for repayment. In present days, various types of borders are schematic with various different product and purposes and targets such as Industrial swear, commercial marge, market-gardening Bank, Joint stock Bank, Co-operatives Bank and information Bank etc. Modern Banks are more advanced than the ancient one.This is out-of-pocket to increased population and learning resulting changes in industrial field and trade, increase in competition, changes in peoples ideology and due to increased inter relation and dependence with distributively other. It is universally utter that the word BANK has been originated in Italy. In the middle of 12th century there was a great financial crisis in Italy due to war. To meet the war expenses, the government of that period a forced subscribedloanon citizens of the expanse at the interest of 5% per annum.Such loans were known as Compare, minto etc. The most common na me was Monte. In Germevery the word Monte was named as Bank or Banke. According to some writers, the word Bank has been derived from the word bank. It is also tell that the word bank has been derived from the word Banco which means a banch. The Jews money lenders in Italy used to transact their business sitting on banches at different market places. When any of them used to fail to meet his obligations, his Banco or banch or banch would be broken by the angry creditors.The word Bankrupt seems to be originated from broken Banco. Since, the banking system has been originated from money tip business it is rightly argued that the word Bank has been originated from the word Banco. Today the word bank is used as a comprehensive term for a number of institutions carrying on certain kinds of financial business. In practice, the word Bank means which borrows money from one class of people and again lends money to another class of people for interest or profit 2. 2 Evolution of Banking Ind ustryThe get-gobanks were themerchants of ancient world that madeloans to farmers and traders that carried goods between cities. The first records of such practise ages back to around 2000 BC inAssyria andBabylonia Later inancient Greece and during theRoman Empire lenders based in temples would make loans but also added two important innovations accepted deposits and changing money. During this period there is similar evidence of the independent phylogeny of lending of money inancient Chinaand separately inancient India.Banking in the juvenile sense of the word can be traced to medieval and earlyRenaissanceItaly, to the rich cities in the north likeFlorence,Venice andGenoa. TheBardiandPeruzzi families dominated banking in fourteenth century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts ofEurope. Perhaps the most famous Italian bank was theMedicibank, set up by Giovanni Medici in 1397. The victimization of banking spread through Europe and a number of important innovatio ns took place in Amsterdam during theDutch Republic in the 16th century and in London in the 17th century.During the 20th century cultivations in telecommunications and computing resulting in major changes to way banks operated and allowing they dramatically increase in size and geographic spread. TheLate-2000s financial crisissaw significant number of bank failures, including some of the worlds largest banks and much debate aboutbank regulation. As a public enterprise, banking made its first beginning around the middle of the twelfth century in Italy and the Bank of Venice, founded in 1157 was the first the public banking institution.Following it were established the Bank of Barcelona and the Bank of Genoa in 1401 and 1407 respectively. The bank of Venice and the Bank of Genoa continued to operate until the end of eighteen century. With the expansion of commercial activities in Northern Europe there sprang up a number of individual(a) banking houses in Europe and slowly it spread throughout the world. In Nepal, modern banking starts with the establishment of Nepal Bank Limited. 2. 3 Development of Banking Industry in Nepal The history of modern financial system of Nepal was begun in 1937 with the establishment of the Nepal Bank Ltd. NBL) as the first commercial bank of Nepal with the joint ownership of government and full general public. As mentioned above, Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) was established after 19 historic period since the establishment of the first commercial bank ( i. e. ,NBL). by and by the establishment of NRB, Nepal witnessed a systematic organic evolution of the financial system. After the restoration of democracy in 1991, Nepal has clearly been following a liberalized economic policy and witnessing diversification in financial system. As a result, various banking and non-banking financial institutions have come into existence.As of mid-July 2002, there are 16 commercialised Banks, 16 Development Banks, 5 Regional Rural Development Banks, 54 Finance Companies, 34 salve and Credit Cooperatives and 25 Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) operating in the country. Nepals first commercial bank, the Nepal Bank Limited, was established in 1937. The government owned 51 per centum of the shares in the bank and controlled its operations to a large extent. Nepal Bank Limited was headquartered in Kathmandu and had branches in other parts of the country. There were other government banking institutions.Rastriya Banijya Bank (National Commercial Bank), a state-owned commercial bank, was established in 1966. The Land Reform Savings Corporation was established in 1966 to deal with finances related to land reforms. There were two other change financial institutions. Nepal Industrial Development Corporation, a state-owned development finance organization headquartered in Kathmandu, was established in 1959 with United States assistance to offer financial and technical assistance to private industry. Although the government invest ed in the corporation, representatives from the private business sector also sat on the board of directors.The Co-operative Bank, which became the Agricultural Development Bank in 1967, was the main source of financing for small agribusinesses and cooperatives. Almost 75 part of the bank was state-owned 21 percent was owned by the Nepal Rastra Bank, and 5 percent by cooperatives and private individuals. The Agricultural Development Bank also served as the governments implementing agency for small farmers grouping development projects assisted by the Asian Development Bank and financed by the United Nations Development Programme.The Ministry of Finance reported in 1990 that the Agricultural Development Bank, which is vested with the leading component part in agricultural loan investment, had granted loans to only 9 percent of the total number of farming families since 1965. Since the 1960s, both commercial and specialized banks have expanded. much businesses and households had be tter access to the credit market although the credit market had not expanded. In the mid-1980s, three extraneous commercial banks opened branches in Nepal.The Nepal Arab Bank was co-owned by the Emi grade Bank International Limited (Dubai), the Nepalese government, and the Nepalese public. The Nepal Indosuez Bank was jointly owned by the French Banque Indosuez, Rastriya Banijya Bank, Rastriya Beema Sansthan (National Insurance Corporation), and the Nepalese public. Nepal Grindlays Bank was co-owned by a British steadfast called Grindlays Bank, local financial interests, and the Nepalese public. Nepal Rastra Bank was created in 1956 as the central bank. Its function was to supervise commercial banks and to guide the basic monetary policy of the nation.Its major aims were to regulate the issue of paper money secure countrywide circulation of Nepalese currency and achieve stability in its shift rates mobilize capital for economic development and for trade and industry growth develop the banking system in the country, thereby ensuring the existence of banking facilities and maintain the economic interests of the general public. Nepal Rastra Bank also was to oversee foreign exchange rates and foreign exchange reserves. Prior to the establishment of Nepal Rastra Bank, Kathmandu had little control over its foreign currency holdings.Indian rupees were the prevalent medium of exchange in most parts of the country. Nepalese currency was used mostly in the Kathmandu Valley and the environ hill areas. The existence of a dual currency system made it hard for the government to know the status of Indian currency holdings in Nepal. The exchange rates between Indian and Nepalese rupees were determined in the marketplace. Between 1932 and 1955, the value of 100 Indian rupees varied between Rs71 and Rs177. The government entered the currency market with a form of fixed exchange rate between the two currencies in 1958.An act passed in 1960 sought to regulate foreign exchange t ransactions. solution in the 1960s, the government made special efforts to use Nepalese currency inside the country as a medium of exchange. It was only after the sign of the 1960 Trade and Transit Treaty with India that Nepal had full access to foreign currencies other than the Indian rupee. Prior to the treaty, all foreign exchange earnings went to the Central Bank of India, and all foreign currency needs were provided by the Indian government.After 1960 Nepal had full access to all foreign currency transactions and directly controlled its exports and imports with countries other than India. As a result of the treaty, the government had to separate Indian currency (convertible currency because of free convertibility) from other currencies (nonconvertible currency because it was directly controlled by Nepal Rastra Bank). In 1991 government statistics mute separated trade with India from trade with other countries. Tables showing international reserves listed convertible and nonc onvertible foreign exchange reserves separately. 2. Commercial bank at a glance Commercial banks are financial intermediaries that raise funds through demand and time deposits as well as from other sources, such as federal funds purchases and security repurchase agreements, funds from parent companies, and borrowing from other lending institutions (for example, the Federal Home impart Banks). They use the funds to make loans, primarily to businesses and individuals, and to invest in securities. In context of Nepal the first commercial bank Nepal Bank limited was established in 1937 A. D. and second Rastriya Banijya Bank was established in 1966 A. D.Nepal has opened its door to foreign commercial banks in the kingdom almost a decade back. As the country followed economic liberalization, there was broad entrance of foreign banks in Nepal. Consequently Nepal Arab Bank was established in 1985 A. D. similarly the Nepal Indosuez Bank was established as joint venture between Nepal and Fr ance in 1986 A. D. , the legitimate entry of foreign commercial banks with full-fledged banking function led to rapid growth of banking system. After 1990 economic liberalization policy obtained by the government, now there are 33 commercial banks operating banking activities in Nepal.Latest commercial bank is carbon Bank limited. The commercial banks expanded only since the 19th century. The industrial revolution of the 18th century opened the vast scope for the development of commercial banking in the last century. In the 20th century, banking institution became highly specialized and sophisticated especially in advanced countries like USA, UK and other countries. Commercial banks deal with activities of trade, commerce, industry and agriculture that seek regular financial and other help from banks for growing Table no. 1 List of Commercial Banks in Nepal S. No. Names Operation Date (A. D. ) Head Office Paid up Capital (Rs. In Millions) 1 Nepal Bank Ltd. 1937/11/15 Kathmandu 380 4 2 Rastriya Banijya Bank Ltd. 1966/01/23 Kathmandu 3853 3 Agriculture Development Bank Ltd. 1968/01/02 Kathmandu 94375 4 Nabil Bank Ltd. 1984/07/16 Kathmandu 20298 5 Nepal Investment Bank Ltd. 1986/02/27 Kathmandu 24091 6 Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Ltd. 1987/01/30 Kathmandu 16102 7 Himalayan Bank Ltd. 1993/01/18 Kathmandu 20000 8 Nepal SBI Bank Ltd. 1993/07/07 Kathmandu 18639 9 Nepal Bangladesh Bank Ltd. 1994/06/05 Kathmandu 20103 10 Everest Bank Ltd. 1994/10/18 Kathmandu 11196 11 Bank of Kathmandu Ltd. 1995/03/12 Kathmandu 13595 12 Nepal Credit and Commerce Bank Ltd. 1996/10/14 Siddharthanagar, Rupandehi 13997 13 Lumbini Bank Ltd. 1998/07/17 Narayangadh,Chitawan 13000 14 Nepal Industrial Commercial Bank Ltd. 1998/07/21 Biaratnagar,Morang 13116 15 Machhapuchhre Bank Ltd. 2000/10/03 Pokhara, Kaski 16272 16 Kumari Bank Ltd. 2001/04/03 Kathmandu 14850 17 Laxmi Bank Ltd. 2002/04/03 Birgunj, Parsa 16140 18 Siddhartha Bank Ltd. 2002/12/24 Kathmandu 15610 19 Global Bank Ltd. 2007/01/02 Birgunj, Parsa 15000 20 Citizens Bank International Ltd. 2007/06/21 Kathmandu 19223 21 Prime Commercial Bank Ltd 2007/09/24 Kathmandu 22457 22 Sunrise Bank Ltd. 2007/10/12 Kathmandu 18554 23 Bank of Asia Nepal Ltd. 2007/10/12 Kathmandu 15175 24 DCBL Bank Ltd. 2008/05/25 Kamaladi, Kathmandu 19209 25 NMB Bank Ltd. 2008/06/05 Babarmahal, Kathmandu 16517 26 Kist Bank Ltd. 2009/05/07 Anamnagar, Kathmandu 20000 27 Janata Bank Nepal Ltd. 2010/04/05 New Baneshwor, Kathmandu 14000 28 Mega Bank Nepal Ltd. 2010/07/23 Kantipath, Kathmandu 16310 29 Commerz Trust Bank Nepal Ltd. 2010/09/20 Kamaladi, Kathmandu 14000 30 Civil Bank ltd. 2010/10/24 Kathmandu 12000 31 Century commercial Bank Ltd. 2011/01/23 Kathmandu 10800 Source www. nrb. org. np 2. 5 Present Scenario of Banking Sector in Nepal There is tremendous growth in the number of financial institution in Nepal in the last two decades. At the beginning of 1980s when financial sector was not liberalized, there were only hardly a(prenominal) commercial banks and development banks performing baking activities in Nepal.There were few micro-credit development banks, finance companies, co-operatives and NGOs with limited banking transactions. After the liberalization of the financial sector, there has been a trademark progress both in terms of the number of financial institutions and beneficiaries of financial services. Nowadays, there are 29 commercial banks operating in Nepal. On the other hand, a lot of financial cooperatives are also operating. With the increasing number of commercial banks, competition among themselves has also become more complex. In todays dynamic environment, the commercial banks are trying to introduce nd establish themselves differently from other banks by providing special services and appealive schemes to its customers. Besides commercial banks, development banks are also improving their performance in Nepalese banking industry and they also play an important role in the growth of countrys economic position. CHAPTER -THREE INTRODUCTION TO PCBL 3. 1 Background Prime Commercial Bank Ltd. was incorporated in September 2007 as the twenty-first commercial bank in Nepal. We are a Category A Financial Institution registered under the Banks and Financial Institutions Act of Nepal.It has been established by prominent business power and professionals from diversified areas with a blossoming objective of providing Banking Services to Everyone in the country where still large number of population are deprived of Banking Services. The Bank has in total 389 promoters holding 70% shares of the Bank. Prime Commercial Business Ltd has been established by prominent business personal and professional from diversified areas with a prime objective of providing Banking service to everyone in the country where still large number of population are deprived of Banking services.Grand opening was done by honorable finance Minister Dr. Ram Sharan Mahat on 28th September 2007. Its Head Office (HO) is situated at New Road, Bira Complex, and Kathmandu. The bank has established itself as an emerging impostor in financial sector with focus in customer service excellence maintaining excellent relationship with valued customers. It is counted among the top 10 commercial banks in Nepal by independent raters and publications in the country. The Banks shares are listed and actively traded in the Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE).With the concept of Banking service to everyone, PCBL has entered into banking business as the 21st Commercial Bank in the country. The bank has 24 branches and has introduced its first ATM rapidity at Bira complex, New Road (HO) to give 24 hours 365 days banking services to their valve customers. Top exporters and Importers of the country have established banking relationship with the bank with a demonstrable volume of foreign business which has substance the banks popularity in the international trade front.With the concept of Banki ng service to everyone, PCBL has entered into banking business as the 21st Commercial Bank in the country. The bank has 24 branches and has introduced its first ATM facility at Bira complex, New Road (HO) to give 24 hours 365 days banking services to their valve customers. Top exporters and Importers of the country have established banking relationship with the bank with a substantial volume of foreign business which has substance the banks popularity in the international trade front. 3. 2 MISSION/PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES/GOAL OF THE COMPANYOver the past 4 years, PCBL have been able to acquire a large customers base enabling to capture the market. This has been possible via continuous effort over the years to provide the facilities and best to the customers. The bank en want endeavor to establish itself as technology savvy and customer friendly and try to maintain good relationship with its customers. PCBL gives the innovative preliminary that edge over any other banks when it comes to introducing modern banking products and services into the banking sector. The following are the objectives that PCBL has- * To cater to all customers requirements. Promotion of national economy, confederacy individual enhancing the market share. * Mobilizing capital in important areas. * Ensure everyone with positive attitude towards customers needs and strong mutual relationship. * Providing international quality banking services to the corporate. * Providing complete financial solutions to customer and promising growth opportunities to employers. * To provide/ quality services and competitive prancing focus. * To collect spread throughout Nepal and channelize it into different productive development project. * Aims at rendering banking services to various sectors likes SMEs etc . 3 Capital Structure Prime Commercial Bank has been established by prominent business personnel and professionals from diversified areas with a prime objective of providing Banking Service to Everyone i n the country where still large number of population are deprived of Banking Service. The bank will endeavor to establish itself as technology savvy and customer friendly and try to maintain good relationship with its customers. The bank has been established with following capital. accepted capital NPR 300 crores Issued capital NPR 150 crores Paid up capital NPR 116. 37 crores Paid up capital includes calls in advances of Rs 116. 37 crores. 3. 4 intersection points, Loan and Services of PCBL 3. 4. 1 Normal Saving borderline Balance NPR 500. 00 Interest calculate 6. 00% on Daily Balance Interest observation every quarter Product Features * On Demand command * Free Debit Card * Free Cheque Book * Free SMS/profit Banking * Free ABBS initiation * untrammelled Withdrawal/ Deposit * 3. 4. 2 Prime silver saving Minimum Balance NPR 1000. 00 Interest Rate 6. 00% on Daily Balance Interest flyer Quarterly Product Features * On Demand Statement Free Debit Card * Free Cheque Book * Free SMS/ net profit Banking * Free ABBS knack * Unlimited Withdrawal/ Deposit 3. 4. 3 Prime corporate staff saving Minimum Balance NPR 0. 00 Interest Rate 8. 00% on Daily Balance Interest Posting Quarterly Product Features * On Demand Statement * Free Debit Card * Free Cheque Book * Free SMS/Internet Banking * Free ABBS Facility * Unlimited Withdrawal/ Deposit 3. 4. 4 Prime Shareholders Saving Minimum Balance NPR 0. 00 Interest Rate 8. 00% on Daily Balance Interest Posting Quarterly Product Features On Demand Statement * Free Debit Card * Free Cheque Book * Free SMS/Internet Banking * Free ABBS Facility * Unlimited Withdrawal/ Deposit 3. 4. 5Public Saving This product is available in each branch Minimum Balance NPR 100. 00 Interest Rate 6. 00% on Daily Balance Interest Posting Quarterly Product Features * On Demand Statement * Debit Card charge NPR 100. 00 * Free Cheque Book * SMS/Internet Banking charge NPR 50. 00 * Free ABBS Facility * Unlimited Withdrawal/ Deposit 3. 4. 6 Sidd hi Ganesh Saving Account This Product is only available on Sorakhutte Branch.Minimum Balance NPR 500. 00 Interest Rate 6. 00% on Daily Balance Interest Posting Quarterly Product Features * On Demand Statement * Free Debit Card * Free Cheque Book * Free SMS/Internet Banking * Free ABBS Facility * Unlimited Withdrawal/ Deposit 3. 4. 7 Current Deposit Minimum Balance NPR 5,000. 00 Product Features * On Demand Statement * Free Debit Card * Free Cheque Book * Free SMS/Internet Banking * Free ABBS Facility * Unlimited Withdrawal/ Deposit Note-Current A/c cost NPR 1000. 00 for gold purpose. 3. 4. 8 Fixed Deposit 3 Months Interest Rate 8. 0% on Daily Balance Interest Posting Quarterly 4 Months Interest Rate 9. 50% on Daily Balance Interest Posting Quarterly 6 Months Interest Rate 10. 50% on Daily Balance Interest Posting Quarterly Above 6 Month-below 1 year Interest Rate 11. 00% on Daily Balance Interest Posting Quarterly 1 year and above Interest Rate 11. 50% on Daily Balance Interest Post ing Quarterly Note- In fixed deposit interest rate will be negotiable by looking time period and Amount to be deposit. 3. 4. 9 Types of loan Deprived Sector(Institutional) * Deprived Sector(Retail) * Overdraft * Working Capital Loan * Demand Loan * circumstance Loan * Export Credit * Hire Purchases Loan Commercial Vehicles * Hire Purchases Loan Private Vehicles * Loan Against Fixed Deposits held with our bank * Loan Against Fixed Deposits held with our bank * Trust Receipt 90 days * Mortgage Loan * Loan Against Government Bonds * Loan Against Shares * Loan Against Gold Silver * Professional Loan * Equipment Loan * Education Loan * SME Loan * Home Loan 3. 4. 10. Wire Transfer * Transfer Money from your account to an account across the globe.The Wire Transfer (SWIFT message) is a highly secure and efficient method of fund transfer. We have arrangements with major banks to send SWIFT messages which ensure secure and safe remittance to any place of your choice. 3. 4. 11. Foreign no tes Demand Draft * Get a demand draft in a foreign currency. * We provide you the facility to avail a Demand Draft in the following foreign currencies Indian Rupee, US Dollar, and Pound Sterling. You can send the Demand Draft to the beneficiary, who receives payment from drawee bank on presenting the draft. 3. 4. 12. Travelers Cheque Travelers cheques are widely accepted instrument for convenience and safety instead of cash. We issue / encash travelers cheque. 3. 4. 13. Western Union Money Transfer /IME /Money universal gravitational constant * Customers can receive payments sent via Western Union Money Transfer/IME/Money Gram from our branches. 3. 4. 14. SCT Debit Card Card Services * SCT Debit Card (SCT Network) * 870 ATMs Network allover the Nepal. * 1500 Plus POS Terminals Network allover the Nepal. * 4000 ATMs Network of Punjab National Bank allover the India. Transaction Limit Nepal (Withdrawal Limit) Maximum per transaction NPR 16,000. 00 Minimum per transaction NPR 500. 0 Maximum for a day NPR 40,000. 00 India (Withdrawal Limit) Maximum per transaction INR 10,000. 00 Minimum per transaction INR 100. 00 Maximum for a day INR 10,000. 00 fritter aways ATM Card emergence Charge Free New ATM Card Issuance forPublic Deposit Account Charge NPR 100. 00 Yearly Renew Charge NPR 200. 00 ATM Reissue Charge (For Lost, discontinue & Damaged) NPR 200. 00 notes Withdrawal from Prime Bank ATM (Fee) Free Balance Enquiry from Prime Bank ATM (Fee) Free POS Transactions (Fee) Free Cash Withdrawal from SCT Network other thanPrime Bank ATM (Fee) NPR 25. 0 Balance Enquiry from SCT Network other than Prime Bank ATM (Fee) NPR 3. 00 3. 4. 15. 365 Banking Branches Holiday incompatible New road 200 PM to 600 PM Service Provides during Counter * Deposit * Withdrawal * ABBS Facility * Cheque Collection * Foreign Currency Exchange * Travelers Cheque * Issuance of Indian/Foreign Currency Draft 3. 4. 16. SMS Banking Track your account details anytime from anywhere Our SMS Bank ing lets you keep track of your account scour while you are on the move. Register for the service by filling a registration form at our bank.After registration send SMS to 6262 with the keyword for your query. Receive a reply message on your mobile with your required information. SMS Services Request Type Query Message Balance Enquiry BE Last 5 transactions in the account ST Note Type BE/ST in message box and send to 6262 3. 4. 17. E-Banking Services * Balance Enquiry * Account Statement * Interest Statement * Tax Statement 3. 4. 18. Safe Deposit Locker * Storing valuables at home becomes a security issue. * We offer safe, trustworthy space to hold on your valuables, text files and other things dear to you. 3. 4. 19.Locker Services * Deposit NPR 10,000. 00 to NPR 50,000. 00 * Annual fee from NPR 2000. 00 to NPR 10,000. 00 for various size 3. 4. 20. Letter of Credit * To establish Import Letters of Credit, sight as well as usance. * For you to be able to import required goods or purchase goods locally. 3. 4. 21. Bank Guarantees * We issue various bank guarantees to meet your different requirements for various purposes like bidding for tenders, issuing performance bonds, advance payment guarantees and custom guarantees. * We can also issue local guarantees against counter guarantees of acceptable foreign banks.Banking minute Sunday Friday 1000AM 300PM Evening Counter * 300PM 700PM *Available only at specific branches 3. 5. ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES The main focus of the bank is quality service. In order to be the leading provider of the banking products and services, via new technology distribution modern channels fate a target group of corporate and general customers. Some of the strategies of the PCBL are as following- * To develop a customer oriented service culture with special emphasis on customer care and convenience. * To increase PCBLs market share by following a disciplined growth strategy. To develop innovative products and services that attra ct PCBLs targeted customers and market segments. * To maintain a high quality asset portfolio to achieve strong and sustainable returns and to continuously build shareholders value. * To research new avenues for growth and profitability. * To serving the clients needs tellingly and proactively. * To focus on a well-defined list of high priority clients. * To advance strong customer relationships. These are the strategies of PCBL that has helped the bank to stand as one of the most succeederful commercial bank in Nepal as PCBL is committed to serving the customers.They are dedicated to improving customer care and to reserve a leadership role as to integrate banking sector. PCBL seek to attract the best people and to be a leader in fulfilling their missions. 3. 6 Core value and Ethical principles Integrity and Business Ethics Commitment to integrity and business ethical motive is our fundamental principle to do the business. Teamwork We believe that essence of success is team wor k and thus achievement of VMO is possible only when every member of team contributes to their ability. Most importantly we consider all our business partners (clients) as a part of the team with whom we share our ideas/skills, learn rom each other and take the business relations to the greater heights so as to be mutually beneficial which will ultimately lead to the successful relationship. Respect and obscureness We understand that respect and humility are the key factors to motivate and drive every individual towards the organizational goals. We honor the culture, language, ethnicity, social values and entrepreneurial affection of every individual across the boundaries and draw strength from equal opportunity and diversity thereby enabling the growth of all the stakeholders.Professionalism Everything we do, we do with the highest standards of professionalism. Research and Development with focus on business partners (clients/customers) is the key to pursue innovation, deployment of imagination and quality functions/characteristics and translate new ideas into reality consistently whereby we can delight the customer/clients by delivering the products/services with outstanding quality so that our relationships with our clients will remain forever.Good Governance We are committed to ensure the transparency and internal control systems through searching policy guidelines/manuals, procedures, central banks rules regulations for our own satisfaction and to satisfy the regulators thereby ensuring the Corporate Good Governance. Loyalty We maintain the highest level of loyalty towards all stakeholders, particularly the business partners (customers/clients) and promise to walk alongside the business partners at difficult times/situations.We will strive to prove that Bankers are all weather friends as against the traditional concept of Fair weather friends by maintaining the Business loyalty at all times. 3. 7. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Table 2 List of Board of coach Board of Directors NAME OF THE DIRECTOR DESIGNATION EXPERIENCES Mr. Narendra Bajracharya Chairman * Past President Hotel Association of Nepal. * Experience in the Banking sector for past 30 years. Mr. Uttam Narayan Shrestha Director * 32 years of experience in Agricultural Development Bank. * General Manager in NIDC Capital Market for 2 years. General Manager Cottage and barter Industry for 1 Year. Mr. Rajendra Das Shrestha Director * 30 years of experience in industry and trading house. Mr. Shyam Bahadur Shrestha Director * 4 years of experience in insurance companies * 20 years of experience in Pharmaceutical Industry Mr. Uday Mohan Shrestha Director * 2 years of experience in Banking Sector * 25 years of experience in Hotel Industry Mr. Umesh Shrestha Director * President for PABSON for 6 years * 30 years of experience in educational institutions. CHAPTER FOURANALYSIS OF ACTIVITES DONE AND PROBLEM lick 4. 1 CUSTOMER SERVICE DESK (CSD) Customer serviceis the provision ofser vicetocustomersbefore, during and after a purchase. It is a function of how well an organization is able to always and consistently exceed the needs of the customer and the department in any organization that deals with the queries and complains of the customer at first is known as customer service department. For any organization it is the very place which makes an early impression to the clients. It is the place where customers make the first contact with the clients.The image and the reputation of bank depend upon effective functioning of this department. It is the first place where the customers first get the service. It is very important to know that a highly satisfied customer stays loyal longer, buys more as the organization introduces new product, pays less attention to competing brands and is less sensitive to price. It would then not be inappropriate to say that this department is the key to success of any organization This department is involved in various activities fro m opening an account to its closing, providing account statement as per ustomer demand. The basic functions of this department are customer counseling, account operations and distribution activities etc Customer counseling is most important functions of customer service department. The strength of the customer service department or an organization is the outcome of the quality of the customer counseling that it provides. There are various kinds of products and services available in this organization. This department is also responsible for providing detail information regarding these different products and services. 4. 2.Major Activities Done on CSD (Business Desk) 4. 2. 1 Dealing with the customer It includes attending, solving queries and assisting customer to fill out the different types of account opening form such as saving, current and fixed deposit account correctly and also managed all the necessary documents related to his/ her identification form. Similarly client informa tion was entered in record of ledger as well as in computer system. Various queries of clients are answered. All required information are provided very courteously and sincerely. Work done by dealing with customer helped them to fill cash deposit voucher * helped them to fill Account opening and closing form * helped them to use ATM * replied their queries regarding various product * gave direction to their required department 4. 2. 2 Account opening Customers who want to open new accounts are asked to fill in the form. They need to bring two passport size photographs. If they have a supplement or a nominee, then they have to bring the nominees passport size photo and citizenship as well. There are basically two types of accounts a) Saving AccountThe different deposit schemes under the saving account can be listed above in chapter three. b) Current Account Basically, this account is opened by sole-proprietorship, partnership quicks, and corporations. The current account held in the name of firm is called current corporate account. The account holder has to maintain rupees five thousands as its minimum balance. Current account provides no interest on the sum deposited. However, firms can transfer the current account into call account in multiple of 10000 at the end of the day. Which provides interest on daily balance?Interest rates are negotiable on the basis of deposits. Current account can be opened for gold loan purpose also with minimum balance of NPR 1000. Account opening form is same for all type of product in PCBL but it should be maintain which type of account is going to opened in account opening form. Documentations The bank should maintain proper documentation to know about the customer in person and to subdue account opening in the name of artificial person, companies, institutions etc. for all customers a proper application, identification document, photograph, specimen of signature are compulsory.Different documents are required for different co mpanies and organizations. The different documents required for the individuals, companies and organizations are as follows For an individual * Citizenship certificate or passport or driving license. * Two passport size photographs. * Photo of nominee (if there is a nominee) * Citizenship certificate or passport or driving license (if there is a nominee) For a sole proprietorship firm * Firm registration certificate * Income tax registration certificate (PAN/VAT) * Citizenship certificate of the proprietor. Authority letter (incase of third party operation) * Declaration of sole proprietorship. For a partnership firm * Partnership firm registration certificate. * Income tax registration certificate. * Partnership deed. * Resolution of partners. * Citizenship of partners. * Minute for account operation. For a private or public limited company * Company registration certificate. * Income tax registration certificate. * Identification documents. * Memorandum of association * Articles o f association * Board resolution * Minute for account operation. For a trust club or social organization Registration certificate. * Trust deed. * Constitution and By laws * Board resolution Identification documents The company or individual is given an account number by filling in information provided on the form using the computer system. PBL uses the software Pumori for its banking ascertained. The form is sorted out and that worked on. The form is divided into four parts account opening form, debit card application form, cheque request form and SMS banking form. The account opening part is used to feed information in the system of the bank regarding the account, its type and details of its holder.Every application form is checked, scanned and approved by the operations incharge. After the plaudit of the operations incharge the forms are filed accordingly. Some customers may also want to close account. While closing account, it is necessary to get the signature on the account c losing form by concerned bank personnel and the account holder. The account holder should return all the unused cheque leaves and should pay a certain charge as account closure fee as per banks system. 4. 2. 3 Closing of Account Procedure * Ask the customer to fill up the form for closing the account * Verify the signature Get approval from the CSD in charge. * Deduct the necessary taxable amount and service charge from the balance * Calculate the net balance and ask the customer to draw the cheque of net balance and present it at the cash counter to issue cash * Get approval from all the department heads and file the document in account close section. Documents required while closing an account Personal Account (saving) * Remaining cheque book * Debit card * Signature of the account holder in the account closing form Joint account * Remaining cheque book * ATM card Signature of all the members in account closing form Sole Proprietorship Account (other than Saving/ Premium Account) * Remaining cheque book * ATM card * Stamp of the company in the account closing form Account closure charges * Rs. 750 for account closed, below six month from opened date. * Rs. 250 for account closed, after six month from opened date. 4. 2. 4 Cheque Book Issue Check book is issued at free incase the account holder lost the old request slip attached by the bank in previous cheque book. in such case RS 200 is charged. Procedure The customer is asked to fill the white slip or new cheque book request slip of their old cheque book ( if they had used cheque book before) * Account no is inserted on cheque inventory of computer system * Signature of Account holder is matched of slip and system. * Starting no and ending no of cheque book is inserted and posted * Cheque book record is kept on respective file and customer is asked to sign on it * The lost cheque of the concerned account is blocked in cheque inventory of pumari plus system. 4. 2. 5 On Demand statementSometimes the customer d emand for the statement of the transactions. Issuing the statement means giving the whole transaction history of the account from the date as asked by the customer up to previous day it is requested. No fee is charged. and statmend is only given to the account holder or the agents if any mentioned. Process * Enter date from and up to statement is requested * Print the statement * make the record in register * Signature is verified and handover to the customer. 4. 2. 6 Balance Enquiry Is provided upon the request of the customer and is provided only to the account holder. 4. 2. ATM Card Distribution Debit card distribution process * When the card is received from the head office they are checked and recorded. * After which the account holder are informed about their card arrival via telephone. * Upon the arrival of the customer they are asked for their names and ac no if not then checked in the information from pumori and record the ATM in delivery register. * Then customer asked to sign on register. * Signature is verified. * At the day end, after 4 oclock all card holders account no. , ATM no. , are arranged in a table form in computer and mailed to card centre for aking card active. 4. 2. 8 Other activities done * Explain services * Answer general questions * Refers to person who can help them with their problems * filling the documents * printing * fax sending * assisting other departments personnal with their work Signature Scanning Scanning of the signature is to be done and approved by Department head on the same day of account opening. When a customer comes to get new cheque book or ATM card or get statement the signature of the customer should be verified to the scanned signature in the account opening form.Balance of Certificate Issuance (BOC) BOC is written in the name of account holder by the Bank. It is issued as per request of the customer. On the issuance of BOC IDBL charges Rs 200. BOC is usually issued inequivalent of US dollar, euro dollar or pound. Customers applying for endorse for going abroad usually require BOC. Cheque Destroying Cheque destroying is not a frequent activity of CSD but it is a very crucial activity and it is considered highly sensitive. It is performed even there is certain mistakes in cheque printing.The cheque serial number must be same in the system (Pumori) and in the physical cheque. So, when the serial numbers do not match. The cheques are destroyed in the system and void is written in the physical cheque. The destroyed cheques are kept in the vault as the cheque is equivalent to cash and likely to be misused if not destroyed and stored safely. Providing general information about the services provided People come to bank for the different purposes and may not be clear about what they should do next or whom they should contact to get their job done.In such case, CSD is responsible for providing true and accurate information. People may inquire different things over telephone as well. CSD provi des the correct information inquired by the customers. CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND LESSON LEARNT 5. 1. Conclusion The intern chooses Prime Commercial Bank Ltd. for my internship. The intern felt it will provide with the practical exposure in the field. During interns internship period the staffs of PCBL were very cooperative and guided me all the way till the end of my internship period i. e. two months.All the knowledge gained in this whole period will surely be handy for my career in the field of banking sector. The theoretical knowledge that gained in interns college is backed up with this internship program due to its practical nature. Furthermore, to learn new lesson which were not covered in classes. It was exciting to see the real professional environment of the office. There were many departments each specializing in its own field. Intern was very comfortable they provided intern with their senior staff as interns instructor Mr.Geha Ranjan Joshi (BM) and respected staff took intern to many departments to help intern gain good knowledge about the real time scenario of an agency. PCBL has its policy, performance to attract its customers with many special provisions of the deposit system, the loans advances and it has opened most of its branches in the business area. Staffs of PCBL are motivated and they are well qualified and trained and also the bank has provided the internship program as well with opportunity for employment. PCBL has possibility of earning more profit and goodwill in the future as its financial statement growth rate is positive.Customer Service Department is the main interactive part of the bank, front desk service where first customer interacts and tries to deal with their particular tasks. The first hand service is provided from this section. Almost all the minor detail of the bank related issue can be handling through this section. Therefore, front desk is encouraging customers to come PCBL for the services like remittance and othe r. According to the stick to done during my internship period shows that customers are satisfied with the behavior shown towards them.And major reason for using PCBL by customers also found to be customer relationship. 5. 2. Lessons Learnt 1) The most important thing that I have learned during May internship period is the value of time. Time is always a determining thing. Timing of work is the key for the success. During my internship period I have seen employee just say I will do it later and they forget to do that work. After some time senor give ring and said that why dont you guys do that? What are you doing? After that they seem to be mentally weak. That reflects they seem to be mentally weak.That reflect on their work and finally on their performance appraisal. 2) Clear division of work is key for success of any organization. During my internship I have found LXBL Maharjung branch lack that. The employee of CSD are quite confused with their responsibility. The senior of them from cash department assign lots of work to the employees of CSD which are under their responsibility of cash department . they are junior and they have to follow orders They star to do that work and lots their work are on pending. These after some problem on point 1 starts. ) Leader and the leadership quality of a leader is another important thing for the smooth function of organization. It also reflects on the effectiveness and efficiency of the work. 4) Flexibility is also key service for the customer satisfaction. Lots of time costumer cant get service because they dont have exact document the organization demands. If a customer has a supporting document that there is right and if they have the required document, but they forget to bring. Then the organization should be able to provide the service to the costumers. ) CSD and the teller is the main place, where the costumers visit the most. How the employee on CSD and teller because to costumer, the reception of the costumers abo ut the bank is made that way. 6) The interpersonal relation required, the employee is also one of the important factors for the success of organization. 7) The mental attitude of employee is also an important factor. Every employee should also understand that we are all human beings. We all have feelings. We all have emotion. We have master of our world so the leader doesnt have to think that he is the senior and whatsoever I said they have to follow it.And junior doesnt have to think I am tae junior and they dont listen to me. 8) Eagerness toward the work and toward the progress leads towards the development of employee as well as the high level performance an organization. 9) Human resource management is the main key of success for an organization. We can do whatever change to the infrastructure and the technology and other thing. Unless and until your employees are not motivated as manager you cant do anything. 10) Last but not the least, the organization structure, culture and most importantly the employees are the key success of an organization.